GENETICS & HEREDITY SUMMARY CONTENT
Page 1 – Introduction & History of Genetics
● Key Scientists:
○ Gregor Mendel: Father of Genetics, pea plant experiments
○ Watson & Crick: DNA double helix discovery
○ Mendelian Principles: Segregation, Independent Assortment
● Genetics Definition: Study of heredity and variation in organisms
Page 2 – DNA & Chromosomes
● DNA Structure: Double helix, nucleotides (A, T, C, G)
● Chromosomes: Carriers of genes, human cells have 46 (23 pairs)
● Replication: Semi-conservative process; key enzymes: DNA polymerase, helicase,
ligase
Page 3 – Mendelian Genetics
Mendel’s Laws:
1. Law of Segregation – Each gamete gets one allele
2. Law of Independent Assortment – Genes assort independently
Punnett Squares Examples:
● Monohybrid Cross (Aa x Aa → 1:2:1)
● Dihybrid Cross (AaBb x AaBb → 9:3:3:1)
Page 1 – Introduction & History of Genetics
● Key Scientists:
○ Gregor Mendel: Father of Genetics, pea plant experiments
○ Watson & Crick: DNA double helix discovery
○ Mendelian Principles: Segregation, Independent Assortment
● Genetics Definition: Study of heredity and variation in organisms
Page 2 – DNA & Chromosomes
● DNA Structure: Double helix, nucleotides (A, T, C, G)
● Chromosomes: Carriers of genes, human cells have 46 (23 pairs)
● Replication: Semi-conservative process; key enzymes: DNA polymerase, helicase,
ligase
Page 3 – Mendelian Genetics
Mendel’s Laws:
1. Law of Segregation – Each gamete gets one allele
2. Law of Independent Assortment – Genes assort independently
Punnett Squares Examples:
● Monohybrid Cross (Aa x Aa → 1:2:1)
● Dihybrid Cross (AaBb x AaBb → 9:3:3:1)
