PEST MANAGEMENT EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS ALL CORRECT
Describe how contact vs systemic vs locally systemic affect fungicide - Answer-
systemic fungicides are absorbed by the plant and distributed internally preventing
infection or killing the pathogen inside the plant--locally systemic move into the leaf, but
not other plant parts--contact fungicides are applied to the plant surface and absorbed
directly by the pathogen--they prevent infection from occurring
Describe how pre vs post infection affects fungicide use - Answer- protectant fungicides
are designed to prevent infection and are applied prior to the pathogen infection--
curative or eradicate fungicides are applied after infection occurs, contacting the
disease-causing organism and killing it or retarding its growth and repro
Describe how seed vs soil vs foliar applied fungicides affect their use - Answer- seed
treatments are for the disinfection, or protection of seed and seedlings--they are applied
directly to the seed prior to planting--soil treatments are applied by injection or
incorporation while tilling or planting to disinfect the soil of pathogens--foliar treatments
are applied to aerial plant parts prior to the major development of disease and suppress
the level of disease
Describe how broad spectrum vs narrow spectrum applied fungicides affect their use -
Answer- narrow spectrum fungicides are used to control a specific pathogen while
broad spectrum control a wide range
Mode of action fungicide - Answer- fungicides have multiple MOA
Discuss the importance of reading and following pesticide label instructions - Answer-
the pesticide label contains important safety, env. hazard and application info--safe
practices should be implemented, the environment should be protected and proper
application procedures followed
Describe how solubility, persistence and soil absorptive characteristics of a pesticide
affect soil and water quality - Answer- -pesticide adsorption by soil colloids decreases
the potential for movement to the groundwater and increases the potential for
movement with eroded soils
-pesticide solubility affects the amount of pesticide that can leach or runoff--more
soluble pesticides tend to be more mobile
-pesticide degradation and persistence are opposites--increasing degradation
decreases the possibility of movement to soil surface water and groundwater
,Evaluate a site's vulnerability to soil and water contamination from pesticides - Answer-
-runoff increases the potential for movement of pesticides (dissolved and absorbed) to
surface water
-depth to the water table doe not affect movement, but shallower tables are more prone
to pesticide contamination
-soil texture impacts movement of water, the adsorption of the pesticide by soil colloids
and the decomposition of the pesticides
Define point surface pollution - Answer- point surfaces of pesticides enter the env. from
a specific, known containment--usually the volume of water containing the pesticide is
unknown--a pipe or tank is a point source
Define non-point source pollution - Answer- these sources of pesticides enter the
environment form an area that is not well defined--usually the volume of water
containing the pesticide is difficult to estimate--a farm field or city neighborhood would
be a non-point source of pollution
Define parts per million and parts per billion - Answer- parts per million (ppm)= one part
in a million parts per billion (ppb)= one part in a billion parts can be on a weight or
weight by volume basis
define pesticide residue tolerance in the current crop and future crops - Answer-
pesticide residue tolerance relates to what yields can be expected when some damage
to the current crop from pesticide residue occurs--if it will carry over, then a resistant
crop should be planted
Define pest - Answer- an organism that damages another organism--in crop production
this can be weeds, insects, diseases and pests
Define integrated pest management (IPM) - Answer- in Ag, IPM is a pest control
strategy is a pest control strategy that uses a variety of methods such as mechanical,
physical, genetic, biological, cultural and chemical management--done in 3 stages: 1.
prevention 2. observation 3. intervention--it is an ecological approach with a main goal
of significantly reducing or eliminating the use of pesticides
describe how prevention constructs an effective IPM program - Answer- prevention
stops a pest from being introduced to a location--regulations and quarantines are
common to prevent introduction--if a pest is in an area eradication is used to prevent the
pest from remaining in the area--total pop can be eradicated, or disturbing the life cycle-
-ag practices can be changed to eliminate pest hosts
describe how avoidance constructs an effective IPM program - Answer- avoidance
keeps a specie pop below levels where it would be a pest--pest target (host) is keeping
healthy so that pest damage is below the economic threshold--natural enemies of the
pest can be maintained or increased--traps can be used to lower pest pops and barriers
can be used
, describe how monitoring constructs an effective IPM program - Answer- monitoring
characterizes the presence or absence of the pest and, if present the fluctuations in the
pest pop--monitoring may include the degree of damage to the host
describe how suppression constructs and effective IPM program - Answer- suppression
is used to reduce pest populations below the economic threshold if prevention and
avoidance tactics have failed--chemical, bio and cultural and other tactics are used
which minimize environmental impacts
describe how to use sampling and monitoring steps of an IPM program - Answer-
methods for sampling plant and pest material will vary with crop and pest--each method
should provide a sample that can be assessed, providing useful info to base a
management decision--some factors considered while sampling are: what to sample,
when to sample, how frequently to sample, and how many subsamples should make a
sample
identification step of IPM - Answer- field scouting and history are used to determine the
kind, nature and severity of pest damage or the potential for damage
determining need for control step of IPM - Answer- the need for treatment is assessed
by comparing the cost of treatment with the economic benefit of treatment--the EIL is
the point at which those costs and benefits are equal--the economic threshold is the
point where pest control will prevent EIL
evaluating control options step of IPM - Answer- specific management practices that
should be assessed: site selection, crop rotation, planting strats, fert, variety planted,
use of growth regulators, harvest, crop residue mng, use of pesticides
implementing an IPM - Answer- consider all factors and compare to cultural, biological
and pesticide alternatives--choose the least cost, most effective and env. friendly
alternatives--cultural and bio alternatives should be used as much as possible
evaluating and record keeping of IPM strategies - Answer- all plans should be evaluated
and refined during and after implementation--monitoring after implementation and
keeping records is important
advantages of IPM - Answer- IPM offers alternatives to traditional approaches which are
aimed at eradicating pests--IPM focuses on managing pests in an economic,
environmental and socially safe manner
list the limitations of IPM - Answer- implementation of IPM program requires adoption of
new set of protocols and strategies to control pests--the main barrier to implementation
is unwillingness to adopt these new practices
AND ANSWERS ALL CORRECT
Describe how contact vs systemic vs locally systemic affect fungicide - Answer-
systemic fungicides are absorbed by the plant and distributed internally preventing
infection or killing the pathogen inside the plant--locally systemic move into the leaf, but
not other plant parts--contact fungicides are applied to the plant surface and absorbed
directly by the pathogen--they prevent infection from occurring
Describe how pre vs post infection affects fungicide use - Answer- protectant fungicides
are designed to prevent infection and are applied prior to the pathogen infection--
curative or eradicate fungicides are applied after infection occurs, contacting the
disease-causing organism and killing it or retarding its growth and repro
Describe how seed vs soil vs foliar applied fungicides affect their use - Answer- seed
treatments are for the disinfection, or protection of seed and seedlings--they are applied
directly to the seed prior to planting--soil treatments are applied by injection or
incorporation while tilling or planting to disinfect the soil of pathogens--foliar treatments
are applied to aerial plant parts prior to the major development of disease and suppress
the level of disease
Describe how broad spectrum vs narrow spectrum applied fungicides affect their use -
Answer- narrow spectrum fungicides are used to control a specific pathogen while
broad spectrum control a wide range
Mode of action fungicide - Answer- fungicides have multiple MOA
Discuss the importance of reading and following pesticide label instructions - Answer-
the pesticide label contains important safety, env. hazard and application info--safe
practices should be implemented, the environment should be protected and proper
application procedures followed
Describe how solubility, persistence and soil absorptive characteristics of a pesticide
affect soil and water quality - Answer- -pesticide adsorption by soil colloids decreases
the potential for movement to the groundwater and increases the potential for
movement with eroded soils
-pesticide solubility affects the amount of pesticide that can leach or runoff--more
soluble pesticides tend to be more mobile
-pesticide degradation and persistence are opposites--increasing degradation
decreases the possibility of movement to soil surface water and groundwater
,Evaluate a site's vulnerability to soil and water contamination from pesticides - Answer-
-runoff increases the potential for movement of pesticides (dissolved and absorbed) to
surface water
-depth to the water table doe not affect movement, but shallower tables are more prone
to pesticide contamination
-soil texture impacts movement of water, the adsorption of the pesticide by soil colloids
and the decomposition of the pesticides
Define point surface pollution - Answer- point surfaces of pesticides enter the env. from
a specific, known containment--usually the volume of water containing the pesticide is
unknown--a pipe or tank is a point source
Define non-point source pollution - Answer- these sources of pesticides enter the
environment form an area that is not well defined--usually the volume of water
containing the pesticide is difficult to estimate--a farm field or city neighborhood would
be a non-point source of pollution
Define parts per million and parts per billion - Answer- parts per million (ppm)= one part
in a million parts per billion (ppb)= one part in a billion parts can be on a weight or
weight by volume basis
define pesticide residue tolerance in the current crop and future crops - Answer-
pesticide residue tolerance relates to what yields can be expected when some damage
to the current crop from pesticide residue occurs--if it will carry over, then a resistant
crop should be planted
Define pest - Answer- an organism that damages another organism--in crop production
this can be weeds, insects, diseases and pests
Define integrated pest management (IPM) - Answer- in Ag, IPM is a pest control
strategy is a pest control strategy that uses a variety of methods such as mechanical,
physical, genetic, biological, cultural and chemical management--done in 3 stages: 1.
prevention 2. observation 3. intervention--it is an ecological approach with a main goal
of significantly reducing or eliminating the use of pesticides
describe how prevention constructs an effective IPM program - Answer- prevention
stops a pest from being introduced to a location--regulations and quarantines are
common to prevent introduction--if a pest is in an area eradication is used to prevent the
pest from remaining in the area--total pop can be eradicated, or disturbing the life cycle-
-ag practices can be changed to eliminate pest hosts
describe how avoidance constructs an effective IPM program - Answer- avoidance
keeps a specie pop below levels where it would be a pest--pest target (host) is keeping
healthy so that pest damage is below the economic threshold--natural enemies of the
pest can be maintained or increased--traps can be used to lower pest pops and barriers
can be used
, describe how monitoring constructs an effective IPM program - Answer- monitoring
characterizes the presence or absence of the pest and, if present the fluctuations in the
pest pop--monitoring may include the degree of damage to the host
describe how suppression constructs and effective IPM program - Answer- suppression
is used to reduce pest populations below the economic threshold if prevention and
avoidance tactics have failed--chemical, bio and cultural and other tactics are used
which minimize environmental impacts
describe how to use sampling and monitoring steps of an IPM program - Answer-
methods for sampling plant and pest material will vary with crop and pest--each method
should provide a sample that can be assessed, providing useful info to base a
management decision--some factors considered while sampling are: what to sample,
when to sample, how frequently to sample, and how many subsamples should make a
sample
identification step of IPM - Answer- field scouting and history are used to determine the
kind, nature and severity of pest damage or the potential for damage
determining need for control step of IPM - Answer- the need for treatment is assessed
by comparing the cost of treatment with the economic benefit of treatment--the EIL is
the point at which those costs and benefits are equal--the economic threshold is the
point where pest control will prevent EIL
evaluating control options step of IPM - Answer- specific management practices that
should be assessed: site selection, crop rotation, planting strats, fert, variety planted,
use of growth regulators, harvest, crop residue mng, use of pesticides
implementing an IPM - Answer- consider all factors and compare to cultural, biological
and pesticide alternatives--choose the least cost, most effective and env. friendly
alternatives--cultural and bio alternatives should be used as much as possible
evaluating and record keeping of IPM strategies - Answer- all plans should be evaluated
and refined during and after implementation--monitoring after implementation and
keeping records is important
advantages of IPM - Answer- IPM offers alternatives to traditional approaches which are
aimed at eradicating pests--IPM focuses on managing pests in an economic,
environmental and socially safe manner
list the limitations of IPM - Answer- implementation of IPM program requires adoption of
new set of protocols and strategies to control pests--the main barrier to implementation
is unwillingness to adopt these new practices
