PSYCH 375: COGNITION EXAM 2
declarative memory (explicit) - Answer -memory of knowledge that can be called forth
consciously as needed
Non-Declarative memory (Implicit) - Answer -long-term memory demonstrated in
behavior.
Example: A Pianist can play piano without looking at her hands.
Episodic memory - Answer -A subtype of Declarative memory: memory for one's
personal past experiences
Example: You remember that you ate chocolate cake at your birthday party when you
were five.
Semantic memory - Answer -A subtype of Declarative memory: memory for knowledge
about the world.
Example: You know who the president of the United States is.
Primacy effect - Answer -tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list
especially well
Recency effect - Answer -tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially
well
Serial-Position effect - Answer -our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect)
and first items (a primacy effect) in a list
Deep Processing - Answer -encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the
words; tends to yield the best retention
Example: To encode the word "watermelon" you might think of a warm summer day
where you're outside eating watermelon
Shallow Processing - Answer -encoding on a basic level based on the structure or
appearance of words
Example: To encode the word "watermelon" you think about the physical word
"watermelon"
What is the relationship between accuracy and confidence for flashbulb memories as
opposed to everyday memories - Answer -Flashbulb memories are memories that have
a big impact, and stick with you (ex. 9/11). While the memory sticks with you, your
confidence in the memory will stay the same but your accuracy will go down
With everyday memories your confidence in the memory will decrease with accuracy.
, Memory schema - Answer -an organized knowledge structure, such as a set of beliefs,
that reflects one's past experiences, expectancies, and knowledge about the world
Memory Script - Answer -A mental representation of often-repeated events in a child's
daily life; a basic method for organizing and interpreting familiar experiences.
free recall - Answer -learning procedure in which material that has been learned may
be repeated in any order
Hardest to do
Cued recall - Answer -receive significant hints about the material
recognition - Answer -a measure of memory in which the person need only identify
items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
savings in relearning - Answer -material learned once and then forgotten is learned
more quickly a second time
context effects - Answer -Describes how the context in which a stimulus occurs can
contribute to how people perceive that stimulus
Introspection - Answer -examination of one's own thoughts and feelings
Behaviorism - Answer -the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that
(2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research
psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
Nature vs. Nurture - Answer -Heredity vs. Environment
Multifinality - Answer -the concept that various outcomes may stem from similar
beginnings
Equifinality - Answer -a basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds
that one symptom can have many causes
Sensorimotor stage - Answer -in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years
of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions
and motor activities
Preoperational stage - Answer -in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7
years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend
the mental operations of concrete logic
Concrete Operational stage - Answer -in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive
development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the
mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
declarative memory (explicit) - Answer -memory of knowledge that can be called forth
consciously as needed
Non-Declarative memory (Implicit) - Answer -long-term memory demonstrated in
behavior.
Example: A Pianist can play piano without looking at her hands.
Episodic memory - Answer -A subtype of Declarative memory: memory for one's
personal past experiences
Example: You remember that you ate chocolate cake at your birthday party when you
were five.
Semantic memory - Answer -A subtype of Declarative memory: memory for knowledge
about the world.
Example: You know who the president of the United States is.
Primacy effect - Answer -tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list
especially well
Recency effect - Answer -tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially
well
Serial-Position effect - Answer -our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect)
and first items (a primacy effect) in a list
Deep Processing - Answer -encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the
words; tends to yield the best retention
Example: To encode the word "watermelon" you might think of a warm summer day
where you're outside eating watermelon
Shallow Processing - Answer -encoding on a basic level based on the structure or
appearance of words
Example: To encode the word "watermelon" you think about the physical word
"watermelon"
What is the relationship between accuracy and confidence for flashbulb memories as
opposed to everyday memories - Answer -Flashbulb memories are memories that have
a big impact, and stick with you (ex. 9/11). While the memory sticks with you, your
confidence in the memory will stay the same but your accuracy will go down
With everyday memories your confidence in the memory will decrease with accuracy.
, Memory schema - Answer -an organized knowledge structure, such as a set of beliefs,
that reflects one's past experiences, expectancies, and knowledge about the world
Memory Script - Answer -A mental representation of often-repeated events in a child's
daily life; a basic method for organizing and interpreting familiar experiences.
free recall - Answer -learning procedure in which material that has been learned may
be repeated in any order
Hardest to do
Cued recall - Answer -receive significant hints about the material
recognition - Answer -a measure of memory in which the person need only identify
items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
savings in relearning - Answer -material learned once and then forgotten is learned
more quickly a second time
context effects - Answer -Describes how the context in which a stimulus occurs can
contribute to how people perceive that stimulus
Introspection - Answer -examination of one's own thoughts and feelings
Behaviorism - Answer -the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that
(2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research
psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
Nature vs. Nurture - Answer -Heredity vs. Environment
Multifinality - Answer -the concept that various outcomes may stem from similar
beginnings
Equifinality - Answer -a basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds
that one symptom can have many causes
Sensorimotor stage - Answer -in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years
of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions
and motor activities
Preoperational stage - Answer -in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7
years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend
the mental operations of concrete logic
Concrete Operational stage - Answer -in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive
development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the
mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
