DCF - CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT (CGDR) DCF EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | VERIFIED ANSWERS

DCF - CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT (CGDR) DCF EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | VERIFIED ANSWERS “Formal Operations - CORRECT ANSWER 11 and up, can reason in hypothetical situations, abstract thought." "Theory - CORRECT ANSWER A set of assumptions used to explain phenomena and offered for scientific study" "Initiative vs. guilt - CORRECT ANSWER Preschool" "7-11 years old - CORRECT ANSWER Concrete operational child stops being ego centric Jean Piaget's" "piaget's theory - CORRECT ANSWER 4 cognitive stages through which individuals actively construct their understanding of the world Formal Operations Age (11 + )" "rates - CORRECT ANSWER All children develop at their own" "level 2 - CORRECT ANSWER safety and security Transportation, neighborhood, safe relationships, and childcare" "trust vs mistrust - CORRECT ANSWER infant" "heredity - CORRECT ANSWER the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another." "prevention - CORRECT ANSWER " "approaches to learning - CORRECT ANSWER the attitudes and skills used in learning across all domains" "redirection - CORRECT ANSWER turning children's attention in another direction" "physical development - CORRECT ANSWER involves advances in physical abilities" "language and communication - CORRECT ANSWER the ability to transmit encoded thoughts from the mind of one individual to another, usually verbal." "erik erikson - CORRECT ANSWER "Eight Stages of Human Development" Based on crisis or conflict that a person resolves" "prosocial behavior - CORRECT ANSWER positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior" "physical health - CORRECT ANSWER the aspect of health that refers to how well your body functions" "zone of proximal development - CORRECT ANSWER difference exists between what a child an do on his/her own and what he/she can do with the help of a knowledgeable adult or peer." "developmental disability - CORRECT ANSWER mental or physical or combination impairment resulting in lifelong disability" "temperament - CORRECT ANSWER characteristic frame of mind; disposition; emotional excess" "sensorimotor - CORRECT ANSWER (birth to 2 yr) when child experiences the world through their senses and actions" "synapse - CORRECT ANSWER space between neurons" "Principle #5 - CORRECT ANSWER the developmental domains influence development in other areas" "growth - CORRECT ANSWER increase in body size (ex) child's height, weight, head circumference, body mass. occurs in spurts." "concrete operational (cognitive stage of Piaget) - CORRECT ANSWER children engage in more logical thinking 7-11 yrs old (ex) Santa Claus doesn't exist" "Similarities in growth - CORRECT ANSWER growth proceeds from head downward and from the center of the body outward. as children grow, the arm and leg muscles develop, followed by fingers and toe muscles." "physical development domain - CORRECT ANSWER refers to typical growth patterns, changes in weight/height, general health and safety, visual perception and hearing." "gross motor skills - CORRECT ANSWER recognized as locomotor movements, which involve young from one place to another." "developmental domain charts - CORRECT ANSWER depict an age range when a typical expectancy is achieved rather than an exact point. charts are guides- they should never be used as checklist." "approaches to learning domain - CORRECT ANSWER refers to how children approach learning experiences. includes: curiosity, persistence, creative problem solving, and the ability to create and compete long-term projects." "social and emotional domain - CORRECT ANSWER broad area that focuses on self-esteem, how children feel about themselves, and their relationships to others in work and play activities." "fine motor skills - CORRECT ANSWER manipulative movements such as the use of fingers and hands." "Stages of Development - CORRECT ANSWER infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, early adolescence, late adolescence" "Social emotional - CORRECT ANSWER relates to play, relationship with other people, and figure out capabilities." "Principles of Nature and Nurture - CORRECT ANSWER are constrained by the developmental process" "Basic issues in development - CORRECT ANSWER Nature and Nurture (heredity and environment), Universality and Diversity, Qualitative and Quantitative (you see the direction, what see)" "How do children develop - CORRECT ANSWER at their own rate" "How are domains related - CORRECT ANSWER They all work together, one influences the other, they help develop the other areas while working on its own." "ADA - CORRECT ANSWER Americans with Disabilities Act" "Principle 3 - CORRECT ANSWER development is continuous continuity from one phase of development to the next." "positive reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response" "Why should child care professionals learn about principles of child development? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Care and the environment can support or hinder development 2. The knowledgeable caregiver can support a child in learning new skills 3. When a child is struggling with a new skill, timely intervention can help him overcome a problem and "catch back up." 4. The knowledgeable caregiver can "detect" indicators of possible delays, and can help get the child the assistance he needs." "American with disabilities act - CORRECT ANSWER Passage of the American act (ADA) in 1990 sent a clear message to the American people that children and adults with disabilities are entitled to the same rights and privileges that others enjoy." "What is a theory - CORRECT ANSWER Is a set of facts or principles analyzed in relation to one another and used to explain phenomena (a fact or behavior that can be observed)." "Abraham Maslow and the hierarchy of needs - CORRECT ANSWER - Maslow developed a hierarchy of human needs. - Maslow's hierarchy has five levels: 1. Physical- need food, water, shelter, oxygen, and sleep 2. Comfort and safely need for safety and security 3. Social need love, acceptance, and belonging 4. Self esteem need for achievement, education, competence, and respect 5. Self actualization- need to realize our fullest potential" "Why is it important to use the developmental domains in your lesson plans? - CORRECT ANSWER Some children stay on task for longer periods of times." "Developmentally appropriate practice (DAP) - CORRECT ANSWER Are age appropriate, individually appropriate, individually appropriate, and socially and culturally appropriate. DAP are valuable general guidelines to support children's learning." "Describe Principle 1 - CORRECT ANSWER children develop in relatively the same ways, there is a typical sequence of development that occurs as the child grows, behaviors and skills emerge in the same order" "describe principle 2 - CORRECT ANSWER body changes in a sequence and gives new abilities; as brain develops, cognitive skills improve" "describe principle 3 - CORRECT ANSWER there is continuity from one phase of development to the next, children continue to add behaviors as they perfect others (ex: language; cooing --> words)" "describe principle 4 - CORRECT ANSWER sequence of development is the same but the rate is different, development is constant but not uniform" "describe principle 5 - CORRECT ANSWER the developmental domains influence development in other areas." "theory - CORRECT ANSWER a set of ideas of facts principles analyzed in relation to one another and used to explain a phenomena." "What are the 5 levels of Maslow's Hierarchy? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Physical (food) 2. Comfort & Security (stability) 3. Belonging (social, love, acceptance) 4. Self-Esteem (importance) 5. Self-Actualization (empathy)" "What does Maslow's Hierarchy mean to child care professionals? - CORRECT ANSWER Basic needs must be met first, if not, self-worth suffers. Awareness of family circumstances can help caregivers know what needs are or are not being met." "Erik Erikson's conflicts in emotional development - CORRECT ANSWER there are 8 total first 4 deal with birth - 12 (where children develop ability to learn) Emotional development is a serious of conflicts that must be resolved before proceeding to the next. Moving through the conflicts successfully ensures social and emotional stability" "What are the first 4 stages of conflict and what age range do they correspond to? - CORRECT ANSWER Trust v. Mistrust: Infant Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt: Toddler Initiative v. Guilt: Preschool Industry v. Inferiority: Grade School" "What does this theory mean to child care professionals? - CORRECT ANSWER we can develop learning environments where children play an active role in their own education, with peer and adult collaboration" "What did Maria Montessori theorize about child centered learning environments? - CORRECT ANSWER children should learn in a typical and natural environment. The environment should be orderly and beautiful, furnishings should be child-sized, accessible and in good working condition" "What is John Bowlby's attachment theory? - CORRECT ANSWER in order to become well-adjusted adults, infants need attentive and responsive adults, child care professionals can provide this when parents are stressed." "What are Developmental Windows? - CORRECT ANSWER periods of time when children are extremely receptive to surroundings and interactions with others. These widows are for brain development and affect the achievement of developmental milestones. (ex: window for language closes at 5 and is gone by 11)." "How does heredity influence child development? - CORRECT ANSWER heredity can influence brain growth which would in turn, influence cognitive development. Heredity also influences temperament. Brain growth and temperament influence personality and can have positive or negative effects." "How can child care programs provide support for gifted children? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Provide more challenging activities 2. pair with other students for teaching opportunities." "What is prosocial behavior? - CORRECT ANSWER These are behaviors that are the most positive attributes; helping, sharing, sympathizing, cooperating and comforting." "How can caregivers encourage prosocial behavior? - CORRECT ANSWER Modeling, reinforcement, teaching, set rules, promoting self-discipline" "What are the 3 elements of developmentally appropriate practices? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Age: activities should fit age range 2. individually appropriate: observe background and talents, determine if child is developing typically 3. Socially and culturally appropriate: content should be based on what is familiar to children and giving them opportunities to share different cultural standards." "What are the 3 elements needed to create developmentally appropriate program? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. active learning: learn by doing 2. meaningful experiences: memorable when relateable 3. nurturing relationships: positive relationships with peers and adults" "During the first year of an infant's life, babies can grow - CORRECT ANSWER ten inches in length and triple their birth weight." "How does growth proceed - CORRECT ANSWER from the head downward and from the center of the body outward." "Similarities in growth: - CORRECT ANSWER Children gain control of the head and neck first, then the arms, and finally, the legs.At birth, the brain, heart, and spinal cord are fully functioning to support the infant.As children grow, the arm and leg muscles develop, followed by the finger and toe muscles." "Typical growth is supported by: - CORRECT ANSWER good nutrition, adequate sleep, and regular exercise." "Do children growth at perfectly steady rates throughout childhood. - CORRECT ANSWER no" "Differences in growth: - CORRECT ANSWER Differences in growth:Some children are taller, some shorter. Some children are smaller, while others are larger.These differences are completely typical.Children do not grow at perfectly steady rates throughout childhood.Children will experience weeks or months of slightly slower growth, followed by growth spurts.Differences in the amount of growth can be a source of self-consciousness for some children." "The developmental sequence is basically the same for all children; however, - CORRECT ANSWER the rate of development varies from child to child" "Child care professionals may spot developmental issues - CORRECT ANSWER before the parents do, which is why it is important to understand the basic child growth and development principles." "All of your interactions with a child have an effect on the child's development and learning, - CORRECT ANSWER which means it is important to be aware of what the child is learning while in your care." "Development refers to an increase in - CORRECT ANSWER complexity; a change from relatively simple to more complicated." "Erikson describes emotional development as a series of - CORRECT ANSWER eight stages, called conflicts, which must be "resolved" before proceeding to the next conflict." "Sensorimotor: - CORRECT ANSWER 0-2: learning through sensory perception and motor skills" "Preoperational: - CORRECT ANSWER 2-7: uses symbols, bound by what they experience directly and not by what they think" "Concrete-Operational: - CORRECT ANSWER 7-11: rational thinking" "Formal Operations: - CORRECT ANSWER 11 +: final stages of cognitive development, abstract thinking, think beyond present." "Some of the major ideas in Vygotsky's theory include: - CORRECT ANSWER Some of the major ideas in Vygotsky's theory include:Children acquire knowledge through culture.Culture teaches children what to think and how to think.Children learn through problem-solving experiences shared with a knowledgeable adult or peer. Initially, the person interacting with the child assumes more responsibility for guiding the learning. As the child learns, the responsibility is gradually transferred to him/her. This is an instructional technique called scaffolding.A difference exists between what a child can do on his/her own and what he/she can do with the help of a knowledgeable adult or peer. A child can perform a task under adult guidance, or with peer collaboration, that he/she could not achieve alone. Vygotsky called this the Zone of Proximal Development and claimed that learning occurred in this zone. In summary, Vygotsky focused on the connections between people and the culture in which they interact." "Maslow's theory states that - CORRECT ANSWER an individual must have their lower-level needs met before higher-level needs can be accomplished." "Successfully meeting the needs at each level in the hierarchy of needs - CORRECT ANSWER results in fulfilling the purpose and meaning of one's life." "Erikson's theory on emotional and personality development - CORRECT ANSWER describes eight conflicts that must be resolved at stages throughout life." "Piaget's four stages of cognitive development explain - CORRECT ANSWER how children interact with their environment to construct knowledge." "Each of Piaget's stages represents - CORRECT ANSWER a change from one type of thought or behavior to another and builds on the stage before" "Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cognitive development focuses - CORRECT ANSWER on the connections between people and the culture in which they interact." "Maria Montessori's theory focuses on the child's independence - CORRECT ANSWER in order to engage them in a developmentally appropriate learning environment so they can advance their developmental skills." ""Nature" refers to their genetics, and - CORRECT ANSWER "nurture" refers to their environment and experiences" "Children who are able to form close relationships with adults - CORRECT ANSWER during their early years develop a good sense of self-esteem and have a smaller chance of developing mental health problems later in life." "One of the more devastating examples of how health status influences child development is the effect of - CORRECT ANSWER alcohol on the developing child." "Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders - CORRECT ANSWER (FASDs) result in a variety of mental and physical defects that develop in unborn babies when the mother drinks too much alcohol during pregnancy" "A baby born with FASDs may be - CORRECT ANSWER seriously disabled and require a lifetime of special care." "Autism Spectrum Disorder - CORRECT ANSWER A group of brain-based neurological disorders characterized by social impairments and communication difficulties; as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, such as rocking back and forth, twirling or spinning, and flapping or waving of arms." "Down Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER A genetic disorder that results in a number of physical characteristics and intellectual impairments. Children with Down syndrome may have flattened facial features and a small mouth and ears. They might have broad hands, a single crease in their palms, and short fingers." "Prevention, redirection, and positive reinforcementare - CORRECT ANSWER three types of positive behavior supports." "Prevention - CORRECT ANSWER is a strategy that stops challenging behaviors before they begin, and it is the primary method child care professionals use to encourage children to discard these behaviors." "Redirection - CORRECT ANSWER is a strategy that is used to guide children's behavior by recognizing challenging behavior at its earliest stages and taking steps to stop it from escalating." "Positive reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER is a strategy in which desired behaviors are rewarded so that the child is encouraged to repeat them." "Being knowledgeable about typical child development, as well as the factors that affect development, - CORRECT ANSWER allows you to tailor the activities and expectations for the children in your care." "Using physical activities, such as Brain Gym, - CORRECT ANSWER helps stimulate the brain to ensure it is alert and receptive to absorbing new information and concepts." "Heredity - CORRECT ANSWER is the blend of physical and temperamental characteristics inherited by a child from the birth parents, which affect their personality and may have positive or negative influences on a child." "The typical skills and behaviors for children of a certain age range may not be possible for - CORRECT ANSWER some children who are developmentally delayed." "Children with disabilities are legally entitled to equal access t - CORRECT ANSWER to community-based child care settings." "The domains include: - CORRECT ANSWER -Physical Development -Approaches to Learning -Social and Emotional Development -Language and Literacy -MathematicalThinking -Scientific Inquiry -Social Studies -Creative Expression Through the Arts" "Children demonstrate physical development in the following two components: - CORRECT ANSWER -Health and Wellbeing: active physical play, safety, personal care routines, and feeding and nutrition -Motor Development: use, refinement, and coordination of the body's large and small muscles" "The development of motor skills, both gross and fine, are - CORRECT ANSWER important to the overall physical development of a child." "Gross motor skills - CORRECT ANSWER involve the development of large muscles, such as those found in the arms and legs. -Gross motor skills include running, throwing, jumping, and climbing." "Fine motor skills - CORRECT ANSWER involve the development of small muscles, such as those found in the fingers, lips, and toes. -Fine motor skills include grasping, writing, and eating." "To ensure the children in your care are healthyand well nourished, it is important to: - CORRECT ANSWER -Observe their eating patterns and bodily functions. -Serve healthy and nutritious meals and snacks. -Provide many opportunities to be physically active. -Encourage good hygiene practices. -Demonstrate and practice safety rules." "Children demonstrate approaches to learning in the following four components: - CORRECT ANSWER -Eagerness and Curiosity: children's desire to engage with objects and people in their immediate environments -Persistence: capacity to continue working on tasks that appear difficult or unsolvable -Creativity and Inventiveness: ability to use familiar materials in new ways; trying out old solutions to solve new problems, experimenting with new solutions -Planning and Reflection: ability to attempt different approaches to learning, think through the steps, and plan solutions" "Children demonstrate social and emotional development in four components: - CORRECT ANSWER -Emotional Functioning: how children feel about themselves and their relationships with others -Managing Emotions: children's ability to manage their own needs and emotions -Building and Maintaining Relationships with Adults and Peers: children increase their sense of confidence and competency in relationships -Sense of Identity and Belonging: children grow in their identities and emotional strength as they feel a sense of belonging with their family members, peers, and communities" "Emotional Functioning: - CORRECT ANSWER how children feel about themselves and their relationships with others" "Managing Emotions: - CORRECT ANSWER children's ability to manage their own needs and emotions" "Building and Maintaining Relationships with Adults and Peers - CORRECT ANSWER children increase their sense of confidence and competency in relationships" "Sense of Identity and Belonging: - CORRECT ANSWER children grow in their identities and emotional strength as they feel a sense of belonging with their family members, peers, and communities" "Children demonstrate language and literacy in the following seven components: - CORRECT ANSWER -Listening and Understanding: verbal and behavioral response to oral communication -Speaking: children's ability to clearly express themselves in words -Vocabulary: vast expansion in words children understand -Sentences and Structure: ability to use an increasing number of words, phrases, and complete sentences to communicate -Conversation: initiate and participate in conversations -Emergent Reading: increased motivation for reading and understanding words -Emergent Writing: increased motivation for written expression and learning the meaning of printed concepts" "Children demonstrate mathematical thinking skills in the following six components: - CORRECT ANSWER -Number Sense: the ability to recognize quantity; count and construct sets; identify relationships between numbers; and understand how to use numbers in a variety of ways, such as measuring, comparing or estimating, -Number and Operations: exploring quantities and understanding that joining and separating changes the size of sets -Patterns: the arrangement of things that are in order and repeated -Geometry: a natural and intuitive part of mathematics -Spatial Relations: awareness of objects or people in relation to oneself -Measurement and Data: ability to compare things and make judgments about the characteristics of an object" "Children demonstrate scientific inquiry in the following six components: - CORRECT ANSWER -Scientific Inquiry Through Exploration and Discovery: use of senses to observe and collect information about the world -Life Science: exploring the growth and change of living things, such as plants and animals, in their natural environments -Physical Science: exploring the characteristics and movement of objects -Earth and Space Science: knowledge based on the dynamic properties of earth and sky -Environmental: awareness of their own relationship to people, objects and living/non-living things in their environment -Engineering and Technology: thinking, exploring, problem solving, and creating through designing and building" "Children demonstrate social studies in the following eight components: - CORRECT ANSWER Culture: participating in family practices and identifying self as a member of a culture -Individual Development and Identity: recognizing characteristics of self as an individual, while noting similarities to peers and others -Individuals and Groups: responding to the needs of others and following family, classroom, school, and community routines -Spaces, Places and Environments: identifying own personal space in relation to surroundings and other places -Time, Continuity and Change: recognizing time, events, routines, and changes that take place over time -Governance, Civic Ideals and Practices: recognizing and following rules in a variety of settings and meeting varying expectations -Economics and Resources: recognizing the difference between wants and needs -Technology and Our World: exploring and showing awareness of and using technology as a tool when appropriate (e.g., writing utensils, electronic toys, computers, or tablets)" "Children demonstrate creative expression through the arts in the following five components: - CORRECT ANSWER -Sensory Art Experience: use of imagination and creativity to express feelings and understanding using a variety of diverse materials (e.g., paint, clay, markers on paper, watercolor painting, and photography) -Music: recognizing and creating patterns through group musical activities -Creative Movement: dancing and exploring different ways to move to express and represent thoughts, observations, imagination, feelings, experiences, and knowledge -Imaginative and Creative Play: experiences that help children develop fluency of language, movement, originality, elaborations of ideas, vocabulary, imitation, and self-expression -Appreciation of the Arts: children responding to their own art and to a variety of artistic expressions of others" "Engaging in prosocial behaviors: - CORRECT ANSWER -Creates feelings of satisfaction -Builds perceptions of competence -Provides entry into social situations -Promotes ongoing relationships -Increases chances of receiving help or cooperation -Leads to a positive group atmosphere8" "When caregivers are prepared to address them, challenging attitudes and behaviors - CORRECT ANSWER it will present an opportunity for caregivers to provide positive guidance to children." "Self-discipline in children is established - CORRECT ANSWER when adults and caregivers successfully teach children how to behave appropriately on their own." "Successfully addressing challenging behaviors in the child care environment requires a - CORRECT ANSWER combination of using effective strategies, and avoiding negative or ineffective strategies." "We use Developmentally Appropriate Practice when planning for children because it: - CORRECT ANSWER -Helps children maintain a high level of attention -Assures learning while participating in age-appropriate activities -Encourages participation without causing feelings of frustration -Allows for individual developmental growth" "Child care professionals who use Developmentally Appropriate Practice make decisions about the education and the well-being of children based on three important sources: - CORRECT ANSWER -What you know about how children develop and learn -What you know about the strengths, needs, and interests of individual children -What you know about the social and cultural contexts in which the children live" "Developmentally Appropriate Practice can be modified for children who have developmental delays or special needs: - CORRECT ANSWER -Many times, their specific needs or delays will not impair their ability to participate in group activities. -Simple accommodations are often possible. -It is not acceptable to initiate activities that isolate a child with special needs." "Children with special needs require an added level of consideration because they: - CORRECT ANSWER May be at a different developmental level than most children in their age group. May have one or more developmental challenges that restrict their participation in group activities. Require more focus on a specific developmental aspect. May feel an added level of frustration with some activities." "When considering how to work with children, it is important to: - CORRECT ANSWER Become aware of the needs of a child that require accommodations - becoming well informed about modifications or additions you may need to make in activities will ensure the child's inclusion with other children. Accept the differences, rather than trying to change the child. You, and the other children, should show a willingness to treat the child as an equal member of the group. As the children work side by side, they will warm your heart as they express their appreciation of their friend who is different from them" "Ways that the domains are supported by play: - CORRECT ANSWER Physical Development: developing healthy bodies with well-controlled functions; and gross and fine motor development with toys and tools of learning. Mathematical Thinking, Scientific Inquiry, Social Studies, and Creative Expression Through the Arts: inquiring, experimenting, exploring, practicing, identifying patterns, and representing ideas through art and taking on pretend roles. Language and Literacy: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Approaches to Learning: eagerness, curiosity, persistence, creativity, and inventiveness. Social and Emotional Development: self-confidence, self-control, interaction with others, and social problem solving" "Learning centers support a child's development because children learn to: - CORRECT ANSWER Construct their own knowledge by exploring their environment Learn to make and follow through on choices based on their own developmental needs and interests Use language in meaningful context Play and learn at their own developmental level Play alone or in small groups Interpret experiences through the filter of their own culture and environment" "It is important to value the ages and abilities of children - CORRECT ANSWER in order to make appropriate choices in planning your early childhood classroom." "Developing and utilizing high-quality materials and research - CORRECT ANSWER gives us an understanding of the children in our care, and of the stimulating and responsible curriculum they need to help them reach their maximum potential." "Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP) - CORRECT ANSWER is defined as curriculum and environments that are age, individually, socially, and culturally appropriate." "DAP is - CORRECT ANSWER valuable because it is a general guideline to support children's learning." "Modifications to activities should be made to allow - CORRECT ANSWER children with special needs to participate in group activities and learning centers." "When working with children with special needs—or children from different cultures - CORRECT ANSWER it is important to be aware of, and accept and appreciate, the differences." "Child care professionals need to plan a variety of activities and materials for - CORRECT ANSWER each day by using a planning tool to ensure that learning is central to the activities experienced by the children." "Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson) - CORRECT ANSWER Infancy (to 1 year) If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust." "Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Erikson) - CORRECT ANSWER Toddler 1 - 3 years. Using new mental and motor skills, children want to choose and decide for themselves. Autonomy is fostered when parents permit reasonable free choice and do not force or shame the child. Aligns with Freud's anal stage" "Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson) - CORRECT ANSWER Preschool 3-6 yrs, good: sense of purpose, ability to initiate activities, ability to enjoy accomplishment, bad: fear of punishment, restrict himself, show off" "Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson) - CORRECT ANSWER Grade School 6-12 yrs, good: competence, exercise his/her abilities and intelligence in the world, be able to affect world in the way that the child desires bad: inadequacy, low self esteem" "Identity vs. Role Confusion (Erikson) - CORRECT ANSWER High School 12-18yr, **most crucial** teens struggle with identity crisis, if healthy experimentation is fostered they attain identity achievement; if not, they face insecurity and low self-worth" "Intimacy vs. Isolation (Erikson) - CORRECT ANSWER Middle Adulthood 20-40 yrs, good: love, intimate relationships, commitment. bad: avoidance of commitment, alienation, distancing oneself" "Generativity vs. Stagnation (Erikson) - CORRECT ANSWER Late Adulthood 40-60 years. favorable resolution results in an individual capable of being a productive, caring, and contributing member of society. If this crisis is not overcome, one acquires a sense of stagnation and may become self-indulgent, bored, and self-centered" "Integrity vs. Despair (Erikson) - CORRECT ANSWER After the age of 60 60- death. involves reevaluating what we have done in our lives. If we feel we have done well we have a sense of integrity, otherwise we experience gloom and doubt." "temperament - CORRECT ANSWER personality component that ranges from very calm to very exitable" "Maslow's hierarchy - CORRECT ANSWER Hierarchy of needs. Predicts needs we will be motivated to satisfy first. biological needs to sustain life (ex) food, clothing, air, shelter, employment, health care" "Growth - CORRECT ANSWER refers to specific body changes and increases in child's size; such as child's weight, height, head circumference, and body mass index." "Development - CORRECT ANSWER refers to an increase in complexity, a change from relatively simple to more complicated." "Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development - CORRECT ANSWER this theory suggests that a child can perform a task under adult guidance, or with peer collaboration, that he/she could not achieve alone." "Pre-operational: 2-7 years old - CORRECT ANSWER children are bound by what they experience directly and not by what they think." "self-esteem ("My needs will be met. " I am worthy of this person's attention") - CORRECT ANSWER Security" "Children learn through sensory perception and motor activity. - CORRECT ANSWER Sensorimotor: 0-2 years old Object permanence is a characteristic Jean Piaget's" "health and wellness - CORRECT ANSWER " "reciprocal teaching - CORRECT ANSWER an approach to instruction that features interactive dialogue between teachers and students." "brain development - CORRECT ANSWER " "social and emotional development - CORRECT ANSWER refers to how children feel about themselves and their relationships with others." "developmental obstacles - CORRECT ANSWER " "developmental milestones - CORRECT ANSWER approximate ages at which children reach specific normative events" "positive reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER reinforcement that strengthens behavior by following behaviors with desirable consequences" "cognitive development - CORRECT ANSWER gradual, orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated" "DAP - CORRECT ANSWER Developmentally Appropriate Practice" "scaffolding - CORRECT ANSWER a style in which teachers gauge the amount of assistance they offer to match the learner's needs Children learn through problem solving experiences shared with knowledgable adult/peer." "attachment theory - CORRECT ANSWER the development and consequences of the child-caregiver relationship" "theory - CORRECT ANSWER a hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon" "lev vygotsky - CORRECT ANSWER 3 concepts: 1. zone of proximal development 2. scaffolding 3. private speech" "personality - CORRECT ANSWER a person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling" "sensorimotor - CORRECT ANSWER involving the senses and motor activity" "attachment theory - CORRECT ANSWER type and style of infant's attachment to caregivers can influence later psychological functioning" "development - CORRECT ANSWER increase in complexity, a change from relatively simple to more complex" "growth proceeds - CORRECT ANSWER from head to toe and from the center of the body outward" "4 stages of cognitive development - CORRECT ANSWER jean piagets" "DAP - CORRECT ANSWER referred to as Ages and Stages" "scaffolding - CORRECT ANSWER the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth" "how developmental obstacles influence child development - CORRECT ANSWER they can hinder it through illness or social unacceptance." "preoperational - CORRECT ANSWER Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, when egocentrism declines 4th stage" "language and communication - CORRECT ANSWER domain that refers to the ability to communicate with others" "redirection - CORRECT ANSWER strategy used to guide children's behavior by recognizing challenging behavior at its earliest stages and taking steps to stop it from escalating" "What impact do positive social interactions have on child development? - CORRECT ANSWER Pos. interactions establish foundation for acceptance, belonging and self-esteem, and children learn appropriate behaviors." "3 elements of developmentally appropriate practices? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Age- activities should fit age range 2. individually appropriate- observe background and talents, determine if child is developing typically 3. Socially and culturally appropriate- content should be based on whats familiar to children and giving them opportunities to share different cultural standards." "Gross (motor skill) - CORRECT ANSWER motor skills involve the development of large muscles, found in arms/legs. Gross motor skills include: running, throwing, jumping, climbing." "developmental - CORRECT ANSWER A disability is a chronic condition that is diagnosed in childhood substantially limits major life activities in adulthood." "level 3: Social - CORRECT ANSWER belonging love and attention acceptance sense of belonging, being connected adult-adult affiliation positive formal social support network" "Independence and competence - CORRECT ANSWER (" I can do this by myself")" "reflexes - CORRECT ANSWER control most of a newborn child's movements, an eight-month-old may already be pulling up on furniture or taking his/her first deliberate steps." "Piaget's 4 Stages (Cognitive Development) - CORRECT ANSWER theory suggests that children develop the ability to learn infer basic stages." "Sensorimotor: 0-2 years old - CORRECT ANSWER children learn through sensory perception and motor activity." "Erikson's Theory (emotional and personality development) - CORRECT ANSWER describes 8 conflicts that must be resolved at stages throughout life." "Development - CORRECT ANSWER refers to an increase in complexity, a change from relatively simple to more complicated." "Erikson's theory (Cognitive Development and General Knowledge) - CORRECT ANSWER humans are driven by and are constantly trying to channel, powerful inner forces." "Differences in growth - CORRECT ANSWER some children are taller, some shorter. some smaller, while others larger." "3 elements needed to create developmentally appropriate program - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Active learning: learn by doing 2. Meaningful experiences: memorable when relatable 3. Nurturing relationships: positive relationships with peers and adults" "5 basic principles of child growth and development - CORRECT ANSWER (Developmental): 1. sequence is similar for all 2. proceeds from general to specific 3. is continuous 4. proceeds at different rates 5. all areas of development are interrelated" "Maria Montessori's theorize about child centered learning environments - CORRECT ANSWER children should learn in a typical and natural environment. environment should be orderly, and beautiful, should be child-sized accessible and in good working condition." Growth - CORRECT ANSWER Refers to specific body changes and increases in the child's size." "Development - CORRECT ANSWER Typically refers to an increase in complexity, a change from relatively simple to more complicated." "Child growth facts - CORRECT ANSWER - babies can growth 10 inches in length and triple their their birth weight. After the first year, a baby's growth in length slows to 5 inches a year for the next two years and continues from age two or three to puberty at a rate of two to three inches each year. - girls generally enter puberty between ages 8 to 13 years of age. - boys usually enter puberty at age 10 to 15 years at age." "How can you help children understand their difference in growth? - CORRECT ANSWER Show pictures of various stages of growth in individuals." "If you detect that a child is self-conscious about her size, how would you help her work on increasing her self acceptance? - CORRECT ANSWER Either individually or in a group, talk about how things are different but equally important and valuable * Example: litter of puppies or kittens is different in size and color but they are all special and will grow into wonderful dogs and cats." "Principles of child development - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Developmental sequence is similar for all 2. Developmental proceeds from general to specific 3. Development is continuous 4. Development proceeds at different rates 5. All areas of development are interrelated" "What does the hierarchy of needs mean to you as child care professional? - CORRECT ANSWER - basic needs met first. Neglect can occur at all levels. - child care professionals need to be aware of family circumstances to understand what needs are being met at home." "Erik Erikson - CORRECT ANSWER The theory that children and adults have to resolve eight conflicts to grow into strong social and emotional life. 1. Trust vs. Mistrust and doubt (infant) 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt (toddler) 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (preschool) 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (grade school) 5-8. They are less significant in child development" "Jean Piaget - CORRECT ANSWER The theory of four stages that children more through and build on to maximum their cognitive development. Four stages of cognitive development: 1. Sensorimotor, age: 0-2 years 2. Preoperational, age: 2-7 years 3. Concrete-operational, age: 7-11 years 4. Formal operations, age: 11+ years" "How can child care professionals use the information from Piaget's theory? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Knowledge of 4 stages help you understand babies children. 2. Helps you understand children's thinking mistakes 3. Adult should challenge children 4. Child's stage of cognitive development= developmentally appropriate learning activities" "Lev Vygotsky - CORRECT ANSWER The theory that deal with cognitive development, which states that children learn through social and cultural interactions - Scaffolding: the adult provides children with the opportunity to extend. - Reciprocal teaching: encourages a conversation between children and adult." "How can child care professionals use the information Vygotsky's theory? - CORRECT ANSWER Give them things within in their range of ability. Pair children up." "Five environment influence - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Nutrition 2. Exercise levels 3. Daily routines in physical activities 4. Daily routines in learning 5. Relationships with family and friends" "Temperament - CORRECT ANSWER Is a prevailing or dominant quality that characterizes a person." "Personality - CORRECT ANSWER Is the totality of a person's attitude, interests, behavioral patterns, emotional response, social roles and individual traits other endure over long periods of time." "Heredity - CORRECT ANSWER Is the blend of physical and temperamental characteristics inherited by a child from the birth parent." "The influence of birth order on child development - CORRECT ANSWER - the youngest child may be more pampered and creative. - the only child may be the center of attention, often enjoys position. May feel special. - the first child may develop competent, responsible behavior, or become very discouraged. - the second child may act as if in a race, trying to catch up or overtake first child. If first child is "good", may be labeled "bad". - the third child or middle children may feel unloved, left out, "squeezed" - the youngest children may behave like the only child, may feel that everyone is bigger and more capable." "Addressing special needs - CORRECT ANSWER 1. A child that is physically challenged - ensure puzzle piece have knobs 2. A child that is socially challenged - ensure this activity is available often and ground rules are established 3. A child that shy or emotionally challenged - ensure this activity is available often and ground rules are established 3. A child that's shy or emotionally challenged - have children work in pairs or small groups 4. A child that is gifted - provide enrichment activities that build from puzzle subject 5. A child that is mentally challenged - combine pieces to reduce the total number of puzzle pieces" "Developmental domains - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Physical health: refers to typical growth pattern, changes in weight and height, general health and safely, visual perception, hearing and understanding the rules of health care professionals 2. Motor development: refer to a child's ability to make about and control various body parts 3. Is a broad area that focuses on now children feel about themselves and their relationship with others." "Domain definitions - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Approaches to learning: refers to a child's eagerness to learn 2. Language & communication: refers to the child's ability to communicate with others 3. Cognitive development & general knowledge: refers to the child's intellectual or mental abilities" "Elements needed for creating developmentally appropriate programs - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Active learning: children learn during activity by doing 2. Meaningful experience: children have a fun and memorable time during activity to which they can relate on a developmental level 3. Nurturing relationship: the child's a positive relationship with or her peers and his classmates during the activity" "Explain how to use the 3 A's (Awareness, acceptance, and appreciation) - CORRECT ANSWER - first, you become aware of the needs of a child that requires accommodation. - becoming well informed about modifications or additions you may need to make in activities will insure the child inclusion with other children - awareness should lead to acceptance. You, and the other children, should show a willingness to treat the child as an equal member of the group - as the children work side by side. They'll warm your heart as they express their appreciation of their friend who just happens to be in or come from Haiti." "Using learning centers - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Musical play center: includes activities such as dancing, singing and playing simple instruments 2. Constructive play center: includes activities such as building with interlocking blocks or toy logs and using tools 3. Artistic play center: including such as sculpting, painting, cutting, sewing and drawing 4. Cognitive play center: includes activities such as solving puzzles, counting, classifying and sorting 5. Exploratory play center: includes activities such as playing with sand, water, planting plants and caring for pets 6. Drama play center: includes activities where children pretend 7. Language play center: including reading and writing Ch" Growth - CORRECT ANSWER specific body changes and increases in the child's size such as a child's height, weight, head circumference and BMI" "Development - CORRECT ANSWER an increase in complexity, a change from relatively simple to more complicated and involves progression where child gains refined knowledge, behaviors and skills." "Similarities between children in growth - CORRECT ANSWER h proceeds from head down 2. control of head and neck first, then arms, then legs 3. brain, heart and spinal cord are fully functional at birth 4. arm and leg muscles first then fingers and toes" "5 basic principles of child growth and development - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Developmental sequence is similar for all 2. Development proceeds from general to specific 3. Development is continuous 4. Development proceeds at different rates 5. All areas of development are interrelated" "What do these conflicts mean to child care professionals? - CORRECT ANSWER create relationships with children that are built on trust, allow children to exercise autonomy, promote creativity" "What are Jean Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Sensorimotor 0-2: learning through sensory perception and motor skills 2. Preoperational 2-7: uses symbols, bound by what they experience directly and not by what they think 3. Concrete-Operational 7-11: rational thinking 4. Formal Operations 11 +: final stages of cognitive development, abstract thinking, think beyond present." "What do these stages mean to child care professionals? - CORRECT ANSWER it helps caregivers to understand why children make thinking mistakes, help in planning developmentally appropriate practices" "Lev Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive Development - CORRECT ANSWER social and cultural interactions are the primary sources of learning and behavior, along with problem solving experiences through scaffolding to perform tasks in the zone of proximal learning." "Scaffolding - CORRECT ANSWER when the person interacting with the child assumes more responsibility for guiding learning, as child learns more responsibility is given to them." "Zone of Proximal Learning - CORRECT ANSWER the zone where learning occurs, when a child is learning material with adult guidance or with peer collaboration." "What are Vygotsky's 4 strategies for success? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. generating a question for understanding 2. Clarifying what they are reading or understanding 3. stopping to predict clues about what they think might happen in the learning material 4. summarizing what they have learned." "What 3 health and wellness factors influence child development and how? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Nutrition: proper nutrition allows for favorable development, healthy body leads to happiness 2. Physical Activity: allows for a better opportunity to grow, less like;y to get sick or injured. 3. Daily Routines: establishing a healthy lifestyle ensures positive behaviors and proper development" "What impact do positive social interactions have on child development? - CORRECT ANSWER positive interactions establish a foundation for acceptance, belonging and self-esteem, and children learn appropriate bahviors." "What are developmental obstacles for children - CORRECT ANSWER There are external and internal obstacles; external: non-english or illiterate parents. internal: poor prenatal care. poor nutrition, fetal alcohol syndrome, developmental disabilities." "What are 2 developmental disabilities important for caregivers to recognize? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Autism Spectrum Disorder 2. Down Syndrome" "What is ADA - CORRECT ANSWER Americans With Disabilities Act: Federal law that requires child care programs to comply with accessibility guidelines to support children with developmental and physical disabilites." "What is IDEA? - CORRECT ANSWER Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: ensures children with disabilities 3-21 receive appropriate public education and that early intervention services are provided." "Why are routines important? - CORRECT ANSWER Routines = physical and metal health, help with observations and measurements, provide sense of security for children --> independence --> better self-esteem" "How can child care programs be inclusive and support children with disabilities? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Allow ample space for movement 2. reduce number of transitions 3. provide safe environemnt" "Define 2 different behavior supports - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Prevention: PRIMARY method used to encourage children to discontinue challenging behaviors by stopping the behavior before it begins 2. Redirection: used to guide behavior by recognizing challenging behavior early and taking steps to stop it from escalating 3. Positive Reinforcement: desired behaviors are rewarded so the child is encouraged to repeat them." "What are the 5 Developmental domains? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Physical Dveleopment 2. Approaches to Learning 3. Languages and Communication 4. Cognitive Development and General Knowledge. 5. Social and Emotional Development" "What are these Developmental Domains important to child care programs? - CORRECT ANSWER Help is developing lesson plans: can help in detecting developmental delays" "Define the Physical Developmental Domain - CORRECT ANSWER refers to typical growth patterns; changes in weight, height, vision and hearing. Also refers to physical milestones like muscle control; ability to grasp, roll over, sit up, writing etc" "Define the Approaches to Learning Domain - CORRECT ANSWER Refers to eagerness to learn; curiosity, persistence, creative problem solving and ability to create and complete long term projects." "Define the language and communication developmental domain - CORRECT ANSWER refers to ability to communicate with others, involves ability to see, hear, speak, read, write and construct understanding of things around them." "Define the cognitive and development and general knowledge domain - CORRECT ANSWER refers to intellectual or mental abilities; exploration, discovery, concept and memory formation, problem solving and creative expression. Knowledge of math,scientific thinking, awareness of social studies and the arts" "Define the social and emotional developmental domain - CORRECT ANSWER Focuses on self-esteem, how children feel about themselves and their relationships with others; refers to individual behaviors, responses, attachments and prosocial behaviors."