Psychology Exam test queries and
answers graded A+
Stucturalism - ANS✅✅(Wundt, Titchener) to analyze consciousness into basic, static elements,
surrounded around the idea of introspection (systematic self-observation). re: sensation, perception,
feelings, images (textbook version of psychology)
Functionalism - ANS✅✅(William James) investigates the function and purpose of consciousness;
inspired by Darwin's principle of Natural Selection. Focused on flow, stream of consciousness and
real world application (more applicable to real-world situations)
6 contemporary theoretical perspectives - ANS✅✅1. Psychoanalytic
2. Behavioral
3. Humanistic
4. Cognitive
5. Biological/neuroscience
6. Evolutionary
Goals of Science - ANS✅✅1. describe and measure
2. understand and predict
3. application and control
Steps in a scientific investigation (5) - ANS✅✅1. formulate a hypothesis
2. design study/select methods
3. collect the data
4. analyze the data and draw conclusions
5. report the findings
2 [main] research methods - ANS✅✅1. experimental research
2. descriptive/correlational research
experimental group - ANS✅✅(in experimental research) receives special treatment
, control group - ANS✅✅(in experimental research) does not receive treatment
randomized control trials - ANS✅✅the gold standard in psychological research, allows for casual
inferences
independent variable (IV) - ANS✅✅the variable that the experimenter manipulates, which causes
changes in another variable
dependent variable (DV) - ANS✅✅the variable that the experimenter measures, but does not
manipulate; influenced by the independent variable
extraneous variables - ANS✅✅any variable outside of the IV that seem likely to influence the DV in
a study
confounding of variables - ANS✅✅when two variables are linked together in a way that makes it
difficult to know their effects (making the experiment confusing) -- can be reduced when
experimental and control groups are RANDOMLY selected
between-group design - ANS✅✅a type of experimental design that tests a greater amount of
people and several different groups
within-person design - ANS✅✅a type of experimental design that tests several varied trials over a
smaller selection of people
naturalistic observation - ANS✅✅a type of descriptive research where the researcher carefully
observes behavior in a natural habitat without directly intervening with the subjects
Experience Momentary Sampling (ESM) - ANS✅✅a piece of technology used in naturalistic
observation;
Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) - ANS✅✅a piece of technology used in naturalistic
observation;
Actigraphy - ANS✅✅a piece of technology used in naturalistic observation;
answers graded A+
Stucturalism - ANS✅✅(Wundt, Titchener) to analyze consciousness into basic, static elements,
surrounded around the idea of introspection (systematic self-observation). re: sensation, perception,
feelings, images (textbook version of psychology)
Functionalism - ANS✅✅(William James) investigates the function and purpose of consciousness;
inspired by Darwin's principle of Natural Selection. Focused on flow, stream of consciousness and
real world application (more applicable to real-world situations)
6 contemporary theoretical perspectives - ANS✅✅1. Psychoanalytic
2. Behavioral
3. Humanistic
4. Cognitive
5. Biological/neuroscience
6. Evolutionary
Goals of Science - ANS✅✅1. describe and measure
2. understand and predict
3. application and control
Steps in a scientific investigation (5) - ANS✅✅1. formulate a hypothesis
2. design study/select methods
3. collect the data
4. analyze the data and draw conclusions
5. report the findings
2 [main] research methods - ANS✅✅1. experimental research
2. descriptive/correlational research
experimental group - ANS✅✅(in experimental research) receives special treatment
, control group - ANS✅✅(in experimental research) does not receive treatment
randomized control trials - ANS✅✅the gold standard in psychological research, allows for casual
inferences
independent variable (IV) - ANS✅✅the variable that the experimenter manipulates, which causes
changes in another variable
dependent variable (DV) - ANS✅✅the variable that the experimenter measures, but does not
manipulate; influenced by the independent variable
extraneous variables - ANS✅✅any variable outside of the IV that seem likely to influence the DV in
a study
confounding of variables - ANS✅✅when two variables are linked together in a way that makes it
difficult to know their effects (making the experiment confusing) -- can be reduced when
experimental and control groups are RANDOMLY selected
between-group design - ANS✅✅a type of experimental design that tests a greater amount of
people and several different groups
within-person design - ANS✅✅a type of experimental design that tests several varied trials over a
smaller selection of people
naturalistic observation - ANS✅✅a type of descriptive research where the researcher carefully
observes behavior in a natural habitat without directly intervening with the subjects
Experience Momentary Sampling (ESM) - ANS✅✅a piece of technology used in naturalistic
observation;
Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) - ANS✅✅a piece of technology used in naturalistic
observation;
Actigraphy - ANS✅✅a piece of technology used in naturalistic observation;
