Portage Biochemistry Module 7 quiz
A particular pathway breaks down proteins into amino acids. Is this an
anabolic or a catabolic pathway? - ansCatabolic. This is degradation of a
molecule.
A scientist uses the term flux regarding a biochemical pathway. What does
flux mean? - ansFlux is the rate of flow through a biochemical pathway.
Both carbohydrates and lipids are broken down into Acetyl-CoA for further
processing. What pathway does Acetyl-CoA go to next? - ansCitric Acid Cycle
(CAC)
Can β-oxidation occur with odd-numbered fatty acids? Can β-oxidation occur
with fatty chains containing double bonds? Explain your answer in at least
three complete sentences. - ansYes to both types of chains. The β-oxidation
process occurs with both unsaturated fatty acids (those with double bonds)
and fatty acids that have an odd number of carbons. Double bonds and odd-
numbered chains each present a structural problem for the standard
enzymes of the pathway. So, there are additional steps with enzymes for
each type of molecule, but the molecules are degraded with energy
recovered.
Fill in the appropriate blanks in the following sentence.
In (A) , phosphate from (B) is transferred to ADP and
yields ATP.
In (C) , phosphate from ATP is transferred to (D) forming ADP
. - ansA) reaction 7
B) 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
C) Reaction 3
D) Fructose-6-phosphate
For one molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, how many ATP or NADH
are produced (or required) in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate step in glycolysis? - ans1 NADH produced
Given the diagram of the citric acid cycle, answer the following questions.
A. What compound is the five-carbon molecule? (contains 5 carbons)
B. Identify the four-carbon compounds.
C. How many GTP molecules are produced per turn of this cycle?
D. What is one reaction that is an equilibrium reaction? (give reaction
number) - ansA. α-ketoglutarate
B. Succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate
C. 1 GTP
D. Any one of 2, 5, 6, 7, and 8
How many ATPs are invested in glycolysis? - ans2
How many CO2 are lost per each turn of the CAC? - ans2 molecules of CO2
,Portage Biochemistry Module 7 quiz
are lost.
,Portage Biochemistry Module 7 quiz
How many FADH2 and NADH molecules are produced per round of β-
oxidation? - ansOne of each FADH2 and NADH.
How many of the steps in the CAC are equilibrium reactions? - ans5 reactions
have equilibrium arrows.
How many reactions of glycolysis have a single arrow "→" in their reaction
equation? - ans3
How many steps are found in the CAC? - ans8
How much ATP is produced per NADH molecule after oxidative
phosphorylation? Per FADH2? - ansNADH- 2.5 per molecule. FADH2 - 1.5 per
molecule
The acetyl group is connected to CoA to make Acetyl-CoA. A) What specific
atom of CoA connects to the carbon atom on the acetyl group? B) What
nucleotide base is part of CoA? - ansA) Sulfur B) Adenine
The β-oxidation pathway is the degradation pathway for fatty acids. A.
Where, in the cell, does the β-oxidation pathway occur? B. How many
steps are in the β-oxidation pathway? - ansA. In the mitochondria. B. Four
reaction steps.
What are the two phases of glycolysis? How many reactions in each? -
ansThe preparatory phase and payoff phase. Five reactions in each.
What is the "ETC" and what happens there? - ansElectron transport chain.
NADH is converted into ATP
What is the fate of pyruvate produced in glycolysis? - ansUnder anaerobic
conditions, it goes to lactate or sometimes ethanol or other products to
regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis. Under aerobic conditions, it proceeds to the
citric acid cycle.
What is the net number of ATP gained from glycolysis? - ans2 (2 invested, 4
gained, for a net of 2)
What is the sign (+ or -) of ΔG for the breakdown of ATP to ADP? Why is the
sign important? - ans(-). A negative means spontaneous, or favorable, and is
able to power other processes.
What molecule (FADH2, ATP, ADP, or CoA) is shown below? - ansADP
What reaction is catalyzed by the PDH? - anspyruvate to acetyl-CoA
Which number on the molecule below indicates the α and β carbons? -
ansCarbon 2 is the alpha, and Carbon 3 is the beta.
, Portage Biochemistry Module 7 quiz
Adverse effects - ansundesired effects that is potentially harmful
Bioavailability - ansA measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given
drug and route (from 0% to 100%).
Capsule, - ansgelatin container holds powder
Define receptors and the two different ways in which they can act. -
ansReceptors are specific cellular structures that bind to drugs, when bind
they produce a physiologic effect *antagonist which interfere with the drugs
effects *Agonist witch activate the drug effects
Define the four pharmacokinetic processes Absorption, distribution,
metabolism, excretion. - ansAbsorption is the movement of a drug from its
site of administration into the bloodstream ready to be distributed
throughout the body.
Distribution refers to the transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of
action.
Metabolism is the biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive
metabolite, a more potent metabolite, or a less active metabolite.
Excretion describes the elimination of drugs from the body.
Define the terms "half-life" and "steady state" including how they relate. -
ansThe half- life of a drug is defined as the time it takes 50% of a given drug
to be removed from the body. The most important thing to remember about
a drug half-life is that after about five half-lives most drugs are considered to
be effectively removed from the body.
Steady state refers to the physiologic state in which the amount of drug
removed via elimination is equal to the amount absorbed with each dose.
The longer the half-life the longer it takes to reach steady state.
define the terms Drug tolerance and Drug dependence. - ansDrug tolerance
is defined as a decreased effect that occurs after repeated administration.
Drug dependence is a condition wherein reliance on the administration of a
particular drug becomes extremely important to the well-being of the
individual. This can be psychological and physical.
delayed release tablet - ansdrug treated with coating to slowly release drug
Describe how a drug given enterally is absorbed into the body - ansIn enteral
administration the drug is absorbed into circulation via the stomach and/or
intestines. They then go to the liver where hepatic enzymes metabolize the
drug and then the remaining active ingredients are passed into general
circulation.
A particular pathway breaks down proteins into amino acids. Is this an
anabolic or a catabolic pathway? - ansCatabolic. This is degradation of a
molecule.
A scientist uses the term flux regarding a biochemical pathway. What does
flux mean? - ansFlux is the rate of flow through a biochemical pathway.
Both carbohydrates and lipids are broken down into Acetyl-CoA for further
processing. What pathway does Acetyl-CoA go to next? - ansCitric Acid Cycle
(CAC)
Can β-oxidation occur with odd-numbered fatty acids? Can β-oxidation occur
with fatty chains containing double bonds? Explain your answer in at least
three complete sentences. - ansYes to both types of chains. The β-oxidation
process occurs with both unsaturated fatty acids (those with double bonds)
and fatty acids that have an odd number of carbons. Double bonds and odd-
numbered chains each present a structural problem for the standard
enzymes of the pathway. So, there are additional steps with enzymes for
each type of molecule, but the molecules are degraded with energy
recovered.
Fill in the appropriate blanks in the following sentence.
In (A) , phosphate from (B) is transferred to ADP and
yields ATP.
In (C) , phosphate from ATP is transferred to (D) forming ADP
. - ansA) reaction 7
B) 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
C) Reaction 3
D) Fructose-6-phosphate
For one molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, how many ATP or NADH
are produced (or required) in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate step in glycolysis? - ans1 NADH produced
Given the diagram of the citric acid cycle, answer the following questions.
A. What compound is the five-carbon molecule? (contains 5 carbons)
B. Identify the four-carbon compounds.
C. How many GTP molecules are produced per turn of this cycle?
D. What is one reaction that is an equilibrium reaction? (give reaction
number) - ansA. α-ketoglutarate
B. Succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate
C. 1 GTP
D. Any one of 2, 5, 6, 7, and 8
How many ATPs are invested in glycolysis? - ans2
How many CO2 are lost per each turn of the CAC? - ans2 molecules of CO2
,Portage Biochemistry Module 7 quiz
are lost.
,Portage Biochemistry Module 7 quiz
How many FADH2 and NADH molecules are produced per round of β-
oxidation? - ansOne of each FADH2 and NADH.
How many of the steps in the CAC are equilibrium reactions? - ans5 reactions
have equilibrium arrows.
How many reactions of glycolysis have a single arrow "→" in their reaction
equation? - ans3
How many steps are found in the CAC? - ans8
How much ATP is produced per NADH molecule after oxidative
phosphorylation? Per FADH2? - ansNADH- 2.5 per molecule. FADH2 - 1.5 per
molecule
The acetyl group is connected to CoA to make Acetyl-CoA. A) What specific
atom of CoA connects to the carbon atom on the acetyl group? B) What
nucleotide base is part of CoA? - ansA) Sulfur B) Adenine
The β-oxidation pathway is the degradation pathway for fatty acids. A.
Where, in the cell, does the β-oxidation pathway occur? B. How many
steps are in the β-oxidation pathway? - ansA. In the mitochondria. B. Four
reaction steps.
What are the two phases of glycolysis? How many reactions in each? -
ansThe preparatory phase and payoff phase. Five reactions in each.
What is the "ETC" and what happens there? - ansElectron transport chain.
NADH is converted into ATP
What is the fate of pyruvate produced in glycolysis? - ansUnder anaerobic
conditions, it goes to lactate or sometimes ethanol or other products to
regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis. Under aerobic conditions, it proceeds to the
citric acid cycle.
What is the net number of ATP gained from glycolysis? - ans2 (2 invested, 4
gained, for a net of 2)
What is the sign (+ or -) of ΔG for the breakdown of ATP to ADP? Why is the
sign important? - ans(-). A negative means spontaneous, or favorable, and is
able to power other processes.
What molecule (FADH2, ATP, ADP, or CoA) is shown below? - ansADP
What reaction is catalyzed by the PDH? - anspyruvate to acetyl-CoA
Which number on the molecule below indicates the α and β carbons? -
ansCarbon 2 is the alpha, and Carbon 3 is the beta.
, Portage Biochemistry Module 7 quiz
Adverse effects - ansundesired effects that is potentially harmful
Bioavailability - ansA measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given
drug and route (from 0% to 100%).
Capsule, - ansgelatin container holds powder
Define receptors and the two different ways in which they can act. -
ansReceptors are specific cellular structures that bind to drugs, when bind
they produce a physiologic effect *antagonist which interfere with the drugs
effects *Agonist witch activate the drug effects
Define the four pharmacokinetic processes Absorption, distribution,
metabolism, excretion. - ansAbsorption is the movement of a drug from its
site of administration into the bloodstream ready to be distributed
throughout the body.
Distribution refers to the transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of
action.
Metabolism is the biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive
metabolite, a more potent metabolite, or a less active metabolite.
Excretion describes the elimination of drugs from the body.
Define the terms "half-life" and "steady state" including how they relate. -
ansThe half- life of a drug is defined as the time it takes 50% of a given drug
to be removed from the body. The most important thing to remember about
a drug half-life is that after about five half-lives most drugs are considered to
be effectively removed from the body.
Steady state refers to the physiologic state in which the amount of drug
removed via elimination is equal to the amount absorbed with each dose.
The longer the half-life the longer it takes to reach steady state.
define the terms Drug tolerance and Drug dependence. - ansDrug tolerance
is defined as a decreased effect that occurs after repeated administration.
Drug dependence is a condition wherein reliance on the administration of a
particular drug becomes extremely important to the well-being of the
individual. This can be psychological and physical.
delayed release tablet - ansdrug treated with coating to slowly release drug
Describe how a drug given enterally is absorbed into the body - ansIn enteral
administration the drug is absorbed into circulation via the stomach and/or
intestines. They then go to the liver where hepatic enzymes metabolize the
drug and then the remaining active ingredients are passed into general
circulation.
