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BIOD 331 Exam 1 – Portage Learning Advanced
Anatomy and Physiology Practice Test, Study Guide
& Updated 2025 Exam Questions
Master your BIOD 331 Exam 1 with this Portage Learning Anatomy and Physiology study
guide. Includes updated 2025 practice test questions, detailed explanations, and
comprehensive module reviews covering body systems, cellular functions, and homeostasis.
The ultimate BIOD 331 Exam 1 prep resource for top scores in your online coursework.
BIOD 331 Exam 1,
Portage Learning BIOD 331,
BIOD 331 Anatomy and Physiology,
BIOD 331 Exam 1 answers,
What is apoptosis? - ANSWER-Apoptosis is programmed cell death. This rids the body of cells that are
worn out, have been produced in excess, or have improperly formed.
What is necrosis? - ANSWER-Necrosis, much like apoptosis, is cellular death but of an organ or tissue
that is still part of a living person. Necrosis tends to set off inflammatory responses, and it can inhibit cell
replacement and rejuvenation.
What is coagulative necrosis? - ANSWER-Coagulative necrosis results from a sudden cut off of blood
supply to an organ (ischemia)
What is Liquefactive necrosis? - ANSWER-Occurs when some cells die but their catalytic enzymes are not
destroyed. Commonly see with brain infarcts or abscesses.
, 2|Page
What is Caseous necrosis? - ANSWER-Caseous necrosis occurs as part of granulomatous inflammation
and is often associated with tuberculosis.
What is Gangrenous necrosis? - ANSWER-Gangrenous necrosis is when a significant amount of tissue
undergoes necrosis and is either dry or wet
What is nervous tissue? - ANSWER-Nervous tissue: found throughout body and used for communication
between peripheral tissues and central nervous system. Senses and moves about the environment. Two
types of cells: glial (supporting neurons) and neurons (function in communication)
What is atrophy and what causes it? - ANSWER-Atrophy is the decrease of an organ or tissue due to a
decrease in the mass of pre-existing cells. Can be caused by disuse, nutritional or oxygen deprivation,
aging, diminished endocrine stimulation, or denervation.
What is hypertrophy? - ANSWER-Hypertrophy is the increase of the size of an organ or tissue due to an
increase in the size of the cells that comprise it. An increase of workload causes protein synthesis and
the size and number of intracellular organelles are all increased.
What is hyperplasia? - ANSWER-Hyperplasia is an increase in the size of an organ or tissue caused by an
increase in the number of cells that compromise the organ or tissue.
What is the advantage and disadvantage of metaplasia? - ANSWER-Metaplasia is the replacement of one
differentiated tissue by another. One advantage is that cells are more likely to survive in a less-than-
optimal environment. One disadvantage is that if the cells remain under constant stress, it can progress
to dysplasia.
Define dysplasia. Is it reversible? What can it lead to? - ANSWER-Dysplasia is disordered cellular growth
and can result in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization. Dysplasia is reversible, in theory, with
alleviation of inciting stress. If stress persists, dysplasia progresses to carcinoma (irreversible).
List the 5 categories in which cells can be damaged and give an example of each. - ANSWER-1. Injury
from physical agents: mechanical forces (i.e. burns, fractured bones)
2. Injury from biological agents: viruses, parasites, and bacteria
3. Chemical injuries: drug toxicities, lead and mercury toxicity
BIOD 331 Exam 1 – Portage Learning Advanced
Anatomy and Physiology Practice Test, Study Guide
& Updated 2025 Exam Questions
Master your BIOD 331 Exam 1 with this Portage Learning Anatomy and Physiology study
guide. Includes updated 2025 practice test questions, detailed explanations, and
comprehensive module reviews covering body systems, cellular functions, and homeostasis.
The ultimate BIOD 331 Exam 1 prep resource for top scores in your online coursework.
BIOD 331 Exam 1,
Portage Learning BIOD 331,
BIOD 331 Anatomy and Physiology,
BIOD 331 Exam 1 answers,
What is apoptosis? - ANSWER-Apoptosis is programmed cell death. This rids the body of cells that are
worn out, have been produced in excess, or have improperly formed.
What is necrosis? - ANSWER-Necrosis, much like apoptosis, is cellular death but of an organ or tissue
that is still part of a living person. Necrosis tends to set off inflammatory responses, and it can inhibit cell
replacement and rejuvenation.
What is coagulative necrosis? - ANSWER-Coagulative necrosis results from a sudden cut off of blood
supply to an organ (ischemia)
What is Liquefactive necrosis? - ANSWER-Occurs when some cells die but their catalytic enzymes are not
destroyed. Commonly see with brain infarcts or abscesses.
, 2|Page
What is Caseous necrosis? - ANSWER-Caseous necrosis occurs as part of granulomatous inflammation
and is often associated with tuberculosis.
What is Gangrenous necrosis? - ANSWER-Gangrenous necrosis is when a significant amount of tissue
undergoes necrosis and is either dry or wet
What is nervous tissue? - ANSWER-Nervous tissue: found throughout body and used for communication
between peripheral tissues and central nervous system. Senses and moves about the environment. Two
types of cells: glial (supporting neurons) and neurons (function in communication)
What is atrophy and what causes it? - ANSWER-Atrophy is the decrease of an organ or tissue due to a
decrease in the mass of pre-existing cells. Can be caused by disuse, nutritional or oxygen deprivation,
aging, diminished endocrine stimulation, or denervation.
What is hypertrophy? - ANSWER-Hypertrophy is the increase of the size of an organ or tissue due to an
increase in the size of the cells that comprise it. An increase of workload causes protein synthesis and
the size and number of intracellular organelles are all increased.
What is hyperplasia? - ANSWER-Hyperplasia is an increase in the size of an organ or tissue caused by an
increase in the number of cells that compromise the organ or tissue.
What is the advantage and disadvantage of metaplasia? - ANSWER-Metaplasia is the replacement of one
differentiated tissue by another. One advantage is that cells are more likely to survive in a less-than-
optimal environment. One disadvantage is that if the cells remain under constant stress, it can progress
to dysplasia.
Define dysplasia. Is it reversible? What can it lead to? - ANSWER-Dysplasia is disordered cellular growth
and can result in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization. Dysplasia is reversible, in theory, with
alleviation of inciting stress. If stress persists, dysplasia progresses to carcinoma (irreversible).
List the 5 categories in which cells can be damaged and give an example of each. - ANSWER-1. Injury
from physical agents: mechanical forces (i.e. burns, fractured bones)
2. Injury from biological agents: viruses, parasites, and bacteria
3. Chemical injuries: drug toxicities, lead and mercury toxicity
