UTMB PATHO EXAM 2 WITH CORRECT ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
ANSWERS
Intracellular Fluid - correct answer✔✔fluid within the cells. Contains about two ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
thirds of the water in healthy adults. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
extracellular fluid - correct answer✔✔fluid outside of the cells including those ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
in the interstitial or tissue spaces and the plasma in the blood vessels.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Electrolytes - correct answer✔✔Substances that dissociate in a solution to form ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
a charged particle
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Ions - correct answer✔✔are the charged particles,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Example: NaCl ||\\||\\
Nonelectrolytes - correct answer✔✔substances that do not dissociate into ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
charged particles, e.g. glucose, ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Normal capillary- interstitial fluid exchange - correct answer✔✔The transfer of
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
water between the vascular and interstitial compartments occurs at the capillary
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
level. There are four main forces that control the movement of water between
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the capillary and interstitial spaces:
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
1. capillary filtration pressure
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
2. capillary colloidal osmotic pressure
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
3. interstitial/tissue hydrostatic pressure
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
4. interstitial colloidal osmotic pressure
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
,-normally the combination of these four forces is such as that only a small ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
excess of fluid remains in the interstitial compartment. This excess fluid is
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
removed from the interstitial by the lymphatic system and returned to the ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
systematic circulation. ||\\||\\
Capillary filtration pressure - correct answer✔✔Capillary filtration refers to the ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
movement of water through capillary pores because of hydrostatic pressure, ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
rather than osmotic pressure. Capillary filtration pressure PUSHES WATER OUT
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
OF THE CAPILLARY INTO THE INTERSTITIAL SPACES. It reflects the arterial
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
pressure and venous pressure, the precapillary (arterioles) and post capillary ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
(venues) resistance, and the force of gravity. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Capillary filtration pressure mm Hg - correct answer✔✔30-40 at arterial end ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
10-15 at venous end ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
25 in the middle
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
capillary colloidal osmotic pressure - correct answer✔✔Is the osmotic pressure ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
generated by the plasma proteins that are too large to pass through the pore of ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the capillary wall. Because plasma proteins do not normally penetrate the
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
capillary pores and because their concentration is greater in the plasma than in ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the interstitial fluid, it is capillary colloidal osmotic pressure that PULLS
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
FLUID/WATER BACK INTO THE CAPILLARY. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
interstitial/tissue hydrostatic pressure - correct answer✔✔OPPOSES THE ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
MOVEMENT OF WATER OUT OF THE CAPILLARY . ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
it is normally negative, contributes to the outward movement of water into and
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
out of the interstitial spaces
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
,interstitial colloidal osmotic pressure - correct answer✔✔PULLS WATER OUT OF ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
THE CAPILLARY INTO THE INTERSTITIAL SPACES.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
It reflects the small amount of plasma proteins that normally escape into the
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
interstitial spaces from the capillary, also pulls water out of the capillary into the ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
tissue spaces.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Hydrostatic pressure - - correct answer✔✔Pushing force exerted by a fluid. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Arterial capillary pressure is about 30 mm Hg and venous is 10. Interstitial fluid
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
may have a negative hydrostatic pressure of about (-3 mm), which contributes to
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
outward movement of fluid from the capillary.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Colloidal osmotic pressure - - correct answer✔✔Pulling force of plasma proteins||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
that cannot pass through the capillary membrane; assist the movement of fluid
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
back into the capillary ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Intracellular fluid (ICF)- - correct answer✔✔contained in all body cells, including ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the blood cells
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Extracellular fluid (ECF) - correct answer✔✔contained in the vascular system ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
(blood plasma) and fluid contained in the interstitial spaces
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Third-spacing - correct answer✔✔fluid trapped in one of several possible ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
transcellular spaces ||\\||\\
Ex. pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, ascites.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
This fluid is not available for ECF or ICF uses, since it is trapped or "sequestered".
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
, Pericardial effusion is the blood that is surrounding the heart and that ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
compresses the heart not allowing it to bead needs to be surgical to decompress ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the heart
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Third-space - correct answer✔✔Third spacing represents the loss or movement ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
and trapping of ECF in a transcompartmental space.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Osmosis - correct answer✔✔movement of water from an area of lower ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
concentration to an area of greater concentration of solutes (electrolytes) ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Isotonic - correct answer✔✔has the same effective osmolality as the ICF,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
neither shrink nor swell ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Ex. .9% sodium chloride
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Hypotonic - correct answer✔✔has a lower osmolarity than the ICF, they swell ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
as water moves into the cell
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Hypertonic - correct answer✔✔has a great osmolarity than the ICF, they shrink ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
as water is pulled out of the cell
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Osmolarity of fluids - correct answer✔✔-Osmolarity of body fluids has many ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
clinical implications, thus it is an important concept.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
-Osmolarity of the blood plasma (serum) is determined largely by the amount of ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Sodium (Na+) contained in the plasma. A patient with an elevated serum Na+
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
will have serum hyperosmolarity. In this case, what fluid movement would you
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
expect to happen? (think of osmosis) The cell will shrivel
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
ANSWERS
Intracellular Fluid - correct answer✔✔fluid within the cells. Contains about two ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
thirds of the water in healthy adults. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
extracellular fluid - correct answer✔✔fluid outside of the cells including those ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
in the interstitial or tissue spaces and the plasma in the blood vessels.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Electrolytes - correct answer✔✔Substances that dissociate in a solution to form ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
a charged particle
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Ions - correct answer✔✔are the charged particles,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Example: NaCl ||\\||\\
Nonelectrolytes - correct answer✔✔substances that do not dissociate into ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
charged particles, e.g. glucose, ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Normal capillary- interstitial fluid exchange - correct answer✔✔The transfer of
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
water between the vascular and interstitial compartments occurs at the capillary
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
level. There are four main forces that control the movement of water between
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the capillary and interstitial spaces:
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
1. capillary filtration pressure
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
2. capillary colloidal osmotic pressure
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
3. interstitial/tissue hydrostatic pressure
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
4. interstitial colloidal osmotic pressure
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
,-normally the combination of these four forces is such as that only a small ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
excess of fluid remains in the interstitial compartment. This excess fluid is
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
removed from the interstitial by the lymphatic system and returned to the ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
systematic circulation. ||\\||\\
Capillary filtration pressure - correct answer✔✔Capillary filtration refers to the ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
movement of water through capillary pores because of hydrostatic pressure, ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
rather than osmotic pressure. Capillary filtration pressure PUSHES WATER OUT
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
OF THE CAPILLARY INTO THE INTERSTITIAL SPACES. It reflects the arterial
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
pressure and venous pressure, the precapillary (arterioles) and post capillary ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
(venues) resistance, and the force of gravity. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Capillary filtration pressure mm Hg - correct answer✔✔30-40 at arterial end ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
10-15 at venous end ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
25 in the middle
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
capillary colloidal osmotic pressure - correct answer✔✔Is the osmotic pressure ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
generated by the plasma proteins that are too large to pass through the pore of ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the capillary wall. Because plasma proteins do not normally penetrate the
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
capillary pores and because their concentration is greater in the plasma than in ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the interstitial fluid, it is capillary colloidal osmotic pressure that PULLS
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
FLUID/WATER BACK INTO THE CAPILLARY. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
interstitial/tissue hydrostatic pressure - correct answer✔✔OPPOSES THE ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
MOVEMENT OF WATER OUT OF THE CAPILLARY . ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
it is normally negative, contributes to the outward movement of water into and
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
out of the interstitial spaces
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
,interstitial colloidal osmotic pressure - correct answer✔✔PULLS WATER OUT OF ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
THE CAPILLARY INTO THE INTERSTITIAL SPACES.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
It reflects the small amount of plasma proteins that normally escape into the
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
interstitial spaces from the capillary, also pulls water out of the capillary into the ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
tissue spaces.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Hydrostatic pressure - - correct answer✔✔Pushing force exerted by a fluid. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Arterial capillary pressure is about 30 mm Hg and venous is 10. Interstitial fluid
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
may have a negative hydrostatic pressure of about (-3 mm), which contributes to
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
outward movement of fluid from the capillary.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Colloidal osmotic pressure - - correct answer✔✔Pulling force of plasma proteins||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
that cannot pass through the capillary membrane; assist the movement of fluid
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
back into the capillary ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Intracellular fluid (ICF)- - correct answer✔✔contained in all body cells, including ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the blood cells
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Extracellular fluid (ECF) - correct answer✔✔contained in the vascular system ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
(blood plasma) and fluid contained in the interstitial spaces
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Third-spacing - correct answer✔✔fluid trapped in one of several possible ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
transcellular spaces ||\\||\\
Ex. pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, ascites.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
This fluid is not available for ECF or ICF uses, since it is trapped or "sequestered".
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
, Pericardial effusion is the blood that is surrounding the heart and that ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
compresses the heart not allowing it to bead needs to be surgical to decompress ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the heart
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Third-space - correct answer✔✔Third spacing represents the loss or movement ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
and trapping of ECF in a transcompartmental space.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Osmosis - correct answer✔✔movement of water from an area of lower ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
concentration to an area of greater concentration of solutes (electrolytes) ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Isotonic - correct answer✔✔has the same effective osmolality as the ICF,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
neither shrink nor swell ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Ex. .9% sodium chloride
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Hypotonic - correct answer✔✔has a lower osmolarity than the ICF, they swell ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
as water moves into the cell
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Hypertonic - correct answer✔✔has a great osmolarity than the ICF, they shrink ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
as water is pulled out of the cell
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Osmolarity of fluids - correct answer✔✔-Osmolarity of body fluids has many ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
clinical implications, thus it is an important concept.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
-Osmolarity of the blood plasma (serum) is determined largely by the amount of ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Sodium (Na+) contained in the plasma. A patient with an elevated serum Na+
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
will have serum hyperosmolarity. In this case, what fluid movement would you
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
expect to happen? (think of osmosis) The cell will shrivel
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
