UTMB Advanced Pathophysiology 5355 Module 6.1 Cardiovascular exam with correct answers

UTMB Advanced Pathophysiology 5355 ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\




Module 6.1 Cardiovascular exam with correct ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\




answers

Normal function of Nitric Oxide - correct answer✔✔potent vasodilator, anti-
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inflammatory and anti-thrombotic. Normally balanced with endothelin. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\




Normal function of Endothelin - correct answer✔✔Potent vasoconstrictor that
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raises blood pressure. Normally balanced with Nitric oxide.
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cardiomyopathy - correct answer✔✔disease of the heart muscle, can be ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\




primary or secondary ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\




Dilated Cardiomyopathy - correct answer✔✔increase compliance in ventricle,
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higher volumes but decreased contractility
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hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - correct answer✔✔usually inherited, heart ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\




muscle enlarges and thickens without obvious cause
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restrictive cardiomyopathy - correct answer✔✔ventricles become stiff and rigid
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but walls of heart do not thicken, ventricles do not relax and fill with normal
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blood volume ||\\||\\




Arrhythmogenic RV Cardiomyopathy - correct answer✔✔rare type, muscle ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\




tissue in R ventricle is replaced with fatty/fibrous tissue causing arrhythmias
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, How does smoking contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease? -
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correct answer✔✔Nicotine stimulates release of catecholamines (epinephrine
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and norepinephrine) which are potent vasoconstrictors. Increases heart rate and
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blood pressure, which increase cardiac workload . Cigarettes are associated with
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increased LDL, decrease HDL, and contributes to vessel inflammation and
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thrombosis. generates free radicals. Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease causes ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\




inflammation and triggering of cytokines that increase protease activity and ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\




inhibit normal endogenous antiproteases in lung.
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RAAS and Cardiovascular System: - correct answer✔✔the renin angiotensin
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system causes retention of sodium and water which causes an increase in blood
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pressure


C-reactive protein (CRP) in cardiovascular disease - correct answer✔✔an ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\




indirect measure of inflammation related to atherosclerotic plaque.
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Homocysteine still lacks enough research to follow this lab independently. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\




myocardial remodeling - correct answer✔✔Described as myocyte loss of ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\




contractility dysfunction related to hypertrophy and dilation of the ventricle. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\




This remodeling generally occurs slowly over time (months). It refers to the
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structural and functional changes that occur in the heart post MI and any ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\




condition with ischemia. Ventricular remodeling occurs from increased afterload
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due to peripheral vasoconstriction (i.e., hypertension).
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Cardiac repolarization - correct answer✔✔resting state of heart, ventricles
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relaxed