SPCE 609 ACTUAL EXAM PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ ABAB design. Answer: An extension of the AB design in which the
independent variable is withdrawn and then reapplied. also known as
reversal design
◉ Accountability. Answer: In education, the assessment of students'
progress on a regular basis and the publication of this assessment—as
well as goals, objectives and procedures—to parents, school
administrators, and other parties with a right to the information.
◉ alternating treatments design. Answer: A single-subject design that
allows comparison of the effectiveness of two or more treatments. It
differs from other single-subject designs in that treatments (sometimes
including baseline) are alternated randomly rather than presented
sequentially (also known as multiple schedule design, multi-element
baseline design, alternating conditions design).
◉ antecedent stimulus. Answer: A stimulus that precedes a behavior.
This stimulus may or may not serve as discriminative for a specific
behavior.
,◉ applied behavior analysis. Answer: Systematic application of
behavioral principles to change socially significant behavior to a
meaningful degree. Research tools enable users of these principles to
verify a functional relation between a behavior and an intervention
◉ aversive stimulus. Answer: A stimulus that decreases the rate or
probability of a behavior when presented as a consequence; as such, it is
a type of punisher. Alternatively, an _________________ may increase
the rate or probability of a behavior when removed as a consequence; as
such, it is a negative reinforcer.
◉ backup reinforcer. Answer: An object or event received in exchange
for a specific number of tokens, points, etc.
◉ baseline data. Answer: Data points that reflect an operant level of the
target behavior. Operant level is the natural occurrence of the behavior
before intervention. ________________serve a purpose similar to that of
a pretest: to provide a level of behavior against which the results of an
intervention procedure can be compared.
◉ Behavior. Answer: Any observable and measurable act of an
individual (also called a response).
◉ behavioral objective. Answer: A statement that communicates a
proposed change in behavior. A behavioral objective must include
, statements concerning the learner, the behavior, the conditions under
which the behavior will be performed, and the criteria for evaluation.
◉ Chaining. Answer: An instructional procedure that reinforces
individual responses in sequence, forming a complex behavior
◉ changing conditions design. Answer: A single-subject experimental
design that involves successively changing the conditions for response
performance in order to evaluate comparative effects. This design does
not demonstrate a functional relation between variables. Also called
ABC design.
◉ changing criterion design. Answer: A single-subject experimental
design that involves successively changing the criterion for
reinforcement. The criterion is systematically increased or decreased in a
stepwise manner.
◉ conditioned aversive stimulus. Answer: A stimulus that has acquired
secondary aversive qualities through pairing with an unconditioned
aversive stimulus, such as pain or discomfort.
◉ conditioned reinforcer. Answer: A stimulus that has acquired a
reinforcing function through pairing with an unconditioned or natural
reinforce, includes most social, activity, and generalized reinforcers (see
secondary reinforcers).
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ ABAB design. Answer: An extension of the AB design in which the
independent variable is withdrawn and then reapplied. also known as
reversal design
◉ Accountability. Answer: In education, the assessment of students'
progress on a regular basis and the publication of this assessment—as
well as goals, objectives and procedures—to parents, school
administrators, and other parties with a right to the information.
◉ alternating treatments design. Answer: A single-subject design that
allows comparison of the effectiveness of two or more treatments. It
differs from other single-subject designs in that treatments (sometimes
including baseline) are alternated randomly rather than presented
sequentially (also known as multiple schedule design, multi-element
baseline design, alternating conditions design).
◉ antecedent stimulus. Answer: A stimulus that precedes a behavior.
This stimulus may or may not serve as discriminative for a specific
behavior.
,◉ applied behavior analysis. Answer: Systematic application of
behavioral principles to change socially significant behavior to a
meaningful degree. Research tools enable users of these principles to
verify a functional relation between a behavior and an intervention
◉ aversive stimulus. Answer: A stimulus that decreases the rate or
probability of a behavior when presented as a consequence; as such, it is
a type of punisher. Alternatively, an _________________ may increase
the rate or probability of a behavior when removed as a consequence; as
such, it is a negative reinforcer.
◉ backup reinforcer. Answer: An object or event received in exchange
for a specific number of tokens, points, etc.
◉ baseline data. Answer: Data points that reflect an operant level of the
target behavior. Operant level is the natural occurrence of the behavior
before intervention. ________________serve a purpose similar to that of
a pretest: to provide a level of behavior against which the results of an
intervention procedure can be compared.
◉ Behavior. Answer: Any observable and measurable act of an
individual (also called a response).
◉ behavioral objective. Answer: A statement that communicates a
proposed change in behavior. A behavioral objective must include
, statements concerning the learner, the behavior, the conditions under
which the behavior will be performed, and the criteria for evaluation.
◉ Chaining. Answer: An instructional procedure that reinforces
individual responses in sequence, forming a complex behavior
◉ changing conditions design. Answer: A single-subject experimental
design that involves successively changing the conditions for response
performance in order to evaluate comparative effects. This design does
not demonstrate a functional relation between variables. Also called
ABC design.
◉ changing criterion design. Answer: A single-subject experimental
design that involves successively changing the criterion for
reinforcement. The criterion is systematically increased or decreased in a
stepwise manner.
◉ conditioned aversive stimulus. Answer: A stimulus that has acquired
secondary aversive qualities through pairing with an unconditioned
aversive stimulus, such as pain or discomfort.
◉ conditioned reinforcer. Answer: A stimulus that has acquired a
reinforcing function through pairing with an unconditioned or natural
reinforce, includes most social, activity, and generalized reinforcers (see
secondary reinforcers).
