FCCN LEVEL 1 EXAMS SCRIPT UPDATED EXAM QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔ACE inhibitors - ✔✔antihypertensive. blocks conversion of angiotensin I to
angiotensin II
lisinopril, captopril, enalapril
✔✔Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) - ✔✔lower blood pressure by blocking the
angiotensin II enzyme from causing vasoconstriction
losartan
✔✔antiarrhythmic drugs - ✔✔used to prevent, alleviate, or correct an abnormal heart
rhythm
amiodarone, lidocaine, flecainide, adenosine
✔✔anticoagulants - ✔✔prevent blood clot formation
heparin, warfarin, lovenox, eloquis, plavix
✔✔beta blockers - ✔✔decrease heart rate and dilate arteries by blocking beta receptors
metoprolol, labetalol, atenolol
✔✔calcium channel blockers - ✔✔inhibit the entry of calcium ions into heart muscle
cells, causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for oxygen and
nutrients, and a relaxing of vessels
amlodipine, nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem
✔✔diuretics - ✔✔increase urine secretion in order to rid the body of excess water and
salt
lasix, bumex, spironolactone, HCTZ, mannitol
✔✔nitrates - ✔✔treatment of angina by dilating blood vessels, increasing blood flow and
oxygen to myocardial tissue
nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, isosorbide
✔✔opioids - ✔✔potent analgesics with sedative properties
fentanyl, oxycodone, morphine, hydromorphone
✔✔inotropes - ✔✔affect strength of contraction
✔✔chronotropes - ✔✔affect rate of contraction
✔✔function of kidney - ✔✔-urine formation
-excretion of waste products
-regulation of electrolytes
, -regulation of acid-base balance
-control over water balance
-control of blood pressure
-vitamin D metabolism
-regulation of RBC production
✔✔AKI - ✔✔abrupt decline in renal function as measured by sudden increased
BUN/creatinine and decreased UOP
✔✔RIFLE - ✔✔Risk
Injury
Failure
Loss
End-stage kidney disease
✔✔AKI stage 1 - ✔✔SCr 1.5-1.9x baseline or >0.3 above baseline
UOP <0.5mL/kg/hr for 6-12 hours
✔✔AKI stage 2 - ✔✔SCr 2-2.9x above baseline
UOP <0.5mL/kg/hr for >12 hours
✔✔AKI stage 3 - ✔✔SCr >3x baseline or >4
UOP <0.3 mL/kg/hr for >24 hours or anuria for >12 hours
✔✔AKI phases - ✔✔onset, oliguric, diuretic, recovery
✔✔onset phase - ✔✔onset of injury through cell death, hours-days
✔✔oliguric phase - ✔✔obstruction of tubules, 8-14 days or can last months
✔✔diuretic phase - ✔✔indicates return of tubular function, gradual increased urea
excretion and decreased Na loss, lasts 7-14 days
✔✔recovery phase - ✔✔begins when diuresis stops, lasts up to 12 months, pts either
reach this stage or don't and progress to CKD
✔✔prerenal AKI - ✔✔cause is before kidney. decreased blood flow to kidneys leads to
decreased renal perfusion, resulting in decreased GFR. nephrons are functionally intact
✔✔prerenal AKI causes - ✔✔-decreased intravascular volume (fluid loss or fluid shifts)
-ineffective arterial blood volume (decreased cardiac output, excess vasodilation)
examples: hypotension, cardiogenic shock, sepsis, hypovolemia, blood loss
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔ACE inhibitors - ✔✔antihypertensive. blocks conversion of angiotensin I to
angiotensin II
lisinopril, captopril, enalapril
✔✔Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) - ✔✔lower blood pressure by blocking the
angiotensin II enzyme from causing vasoconstriction
losartan
✔✔antiarrhythmic drugs - ✔✔used to prevent, alleviate, or correct an abnormal heart
rhythm
amiodarone, lidocaine, flecainide, adenosine
✔✔anticoagulants - ✔✔prevent blood clot formation
heparin, warfarin, lovenox, eloquis, plavix
✔✔beta blockers - ✔✔decrease heart rate and dilate arteries by blocking beta receptors
metoprolol, labetalol, atenolol
✔✔calcium channel blockers - ✔✔inhibit the entry of calcium ions into heart muscle
cells, causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for oxygen and
nutrients, and a relaxing of vessels
amlodipine, nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem
✔✔diuretics - ✔✔increase urine secretion in order to rid the body of excess water and
salt
lasix, bumex, spironolactone, HCTZ, mannitol
✔✔nitrates - ✔✔treatment of angina by dilating blood vessels, increasing blood flow and
oxygen to myocardial tissue
nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, isosorbide
✔✔opioids - ✔✔potent analgesics with sedative properties
fentanyl, oxycodone, morphine, hydromorphone
✔✔inotropes - ✔✔affect strength of contraction
✔✔chronotropes - ✔✔affect rate of contraction
✔✔function of kidney - ✔✔-urine formation
-excretion of waste products
-regulation of electrolytes
, -regulation of acid-base balance
-control over water balance
-control of blood pressure
-vitamin D metabolism
-regulation of RBC production
✔✔AKI - ✔✔abrupt decline in renal function as measured by sudden increased
BUN/creatinine and decreased UOP
✔✔RIFLE - ✔✔Risk
Injury
Failure
Loss
End-stage kidney disease
✔✔AKI stage 1 - ✔✔SCr 1.5-1.9x baseline or >0.3 above baseline
UOP <0.5mL/kg/hr for 6-12 hours
✔✔AKI stage 2 - ✔✔SCr 2-2.9x above baseline
UOP <0.5mL/kg/hr for >12 hours
✔✔AKI stage 3 - ✔✔SCr >3x baseline or >4
UOP <0.3 mL/kg/hr for >24 hours or anuria for >12 hours
✔✔AKI phases - ✔✔onset, oliguric, diuretic, recovery
✔✔onset phase - ✔✔onset of injury through cell death, hours-days
✔✔oliguric phase - ✔✔obstruction of tubules, 8-14 days or can last months
✔✔diuretic phase - ✔✔indicates return of tubular function, gradual increased urea
excretion and decreased Na loss, lasts 7-14 days
✔✔recovery phase - ✔✔begins when diuresis stops, lasts up to 12 months, pts either
reach this stage or don't and progress to CKD
✔✔prerenal AKI - ✔✔cause is before kidney. decreased blood flow to kidneys leads to
decreased renal perfusion, resulting in decreased GFR. nephrons are functionally intact
✔✔prerenal AKI causes - ✔✔-decreased intravascular volume (fluid loss or fluid shifts)
-ineffective arterial blood volume (decreased cardiac output, excess vasodilation)
examples: hypotension, cardiogenic shock, sepsis, hypovolemia, blood loss
