FCCN LEVEL 1 CORE MANUAL UPDATED EXAM QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔cushing's: increased Na, decreased K
Conn's Syndrome: increased aldosterone
Hypertonic solutions
Dehydration
losing too much- diabetes insipid, burns, increase intake - ✔✔hypernatremia causes
✔✔acronym for hypernatremia - ✔✔FRIED:
Fatigue
Restless, agitation
Increased reflexes (seizure/coma)
Extreme thirst
Decreased urine OP, dry/sticky membranes
✔✔normal chloride levels - ✔✔95-105 mEq/L
✔✔causes of hypochloremia - ✔✔vomiting/ileostomy
Thiazide diuretics
Burns
cystic fibrosis
metabolic alkalosis
high level of bicarb
fluid volume overload
✔✔causes of hyperchloremia - ✔✔increased Na intake (hypertonic fluids)
decreased intake or losing too much water
decreased bicarb (diarrhea)
Conn's syndrome
corticosteroids
metabolic acidosis
✔✔sodium
High Na = low K
low na = high K - ✔✔K has an inverse relationship with what electrolyte
✔✔causes of hypokalemia - ✔✔loop diuretics
corticosteroids
too much insulin
cushing's
starvation
vomiting/diarrhea
✔✔hypokalemia - ✔✔s/s of this causes the seven Ls:
, lethargic
low shallow respirations
lethal dysrhythmias
lots of urine
leg cramps
limp muscles
low blood pressure and heart rate
✔✔types of dysrhythmias from hypokalemia - ✔✔ST depression
shallow t wave
projecting U wave
✔✔causes of hyperkalemia - ✔✔burns/tissue damage (rhabdo)
Addison's Disease (decreased aldosterone)
Renal failure
Meds: ACE inhibitors, NSAIDS, K sparing diuretics
✔✔MURDER:
Muscle weakness, paresthesia's of face tongue feet and hands
Urinary output little or none
Respiratory failure
Decreased cardiac contractility
Early: muscle tissues/cramps
Rhythm changes: Tall peaked T waves, prolonged PR interval, widened QRS -
✔✔Hyperkalemia acronym s/s
✔✔decreased PTH (thyroidectomy)
decreased intake
Low vitamin D
CKD
ahminoglycosides (mycin), wastes really
anticonvulsants (affects vit D) - ✔✔causes of hypocalcemia
✔✔Biphosophonates - ✔✔slows down the ability of the bones to release calcium into
the blood stream
✔✔Aminoglycosides - ✔✔antibiotics that end in mycin that cause the body to waste
calcium via kidneys
✔✔CRAMPS:
Convulsions
Reflexes hyperactive
Arrythmias(prolonged QT, bradycardia, VT, asystole)
Muscle cramps, spasms, tremors, twitching
Positive signs (trousseau's/Chvostek's)
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔cushing's: increased Na, decreased K
Conn's Syndrome: increased aldosterone
Hypertonic solutions
Dehydration
losing too much- diabetes insipid, burns, increase intake - ✔✔hypernatremia causes
✔✔acronym for hypernatremia - ✔✔FRIED:
Fatigue
Restless, agitation
Increased reflexes (seizure/coma)
Extreme thirst
Decreased urine OP, dry/sticky membranes
✔✔normal chloride levels - ✔✔95-105 mEq/L
✔✔causes of hypochloremia - ✔✔vomiting/ileostomy
Thiazide diuretics
Burns
cystic fibrosis
metabolic alkalosis
high level of bicarb
fluid volume overload
✔✔causes of hyperchloremia - ✔✔increased Na intake (hypertonic fluids)
decreased intake or losing too much water
decreased bicarb (diarrhea)
Conn's syndrome
corticosteroids
metabolic acidosis
✔✔sodium
High Na = low K
low na = high K - ✔✔K has an inverse relationship with what electrolyte
✔✔causes of hypokalemia - ✔✔loop diuretics
corticosteroids
too much insulin
cushing's
starvation
vomiting/diarrhea
✔✔hypokalemia - ✔✔s/s of this causes the seven Ls:
, lethargic
low shallow respirations
lethal dysrhythmias
lots of urine
leg cramps
limp muscles
low blood pressure and heart rate
✔✔types of dysrhythmias from hypokalemia - ✔✔ST depression
shallow t wave
projecting U wave
✔✔causes of hyperkalemia - ✔✔burns/tissue damage (rhabdo)
Addison's Disease (decreased aldosterone)
Renal failure
Meds: ACE inhibitors, NSAIDS, K sparing diuretics
✔✔MURDER:
Muscle weakness, paresthesia's of face tongue feet and hands
Urinary output little or none
Respiratory failure
Decreased cardiac contractility
Early: muscle tissues/cramps
Rhythm changes: Tall peaked T waves, prolonged PR interval, widened QRS -
✔✔Hyperkalemia acronym s/s
✔✔decreased PTH (thyroidectomy)
decreased intake
Low vitamin D
CKD
ahminoglycosides (mycin), wastes really
anticonvulsants (affects vit D) - ✔✔causes of hypocalcemia
✔✔Biphosophonates - ✔✔slows down the ability of the bones to release calcium into
the blood stream
✔✔Aminoglycosides - ✔✔antibiotics that end in mycin that cause the body to waste
calcium via kidneys
✔✔CRAMPS:
Convulsions
Reflexes hyperactive
Arrythmias(prolonged QT, bradycardia, VT, asystole)
Muscle cramps, spasms, tremors, twitching
Positive signs (trousseau's/Chvostek's)
