JR 101 COMPREHENSIVE UPDATED EXAM QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Appendicular skeleton - ✔✔Bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial
skeleton (pelvic girdle and below, shoulder and below)
✔✔Long bone - ✔✔One that is cylindrical in shape, being that it is longer than it is wide
-function as levers moving when the muscles contract
✔✔Short bone - ✔✔One that is cube like in shape being approximately equal in length,
width, and size
-function to provide support and stability
✔✔Flat bone - ✔✔Typically thin and curved and serve as points of attachments for
muscles
-function to protect internal organs
✔✔Irregular bones - ✔✔Irregular shape, bones like the vertebrae to protect the spinal
cord
✔✔Sesamoid bone - ✔✔Small, round bone like the patella that form in tendons where a
great deal of pressure is generated in a joint
✔✔Fibrous joints - ✔✔Where adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective tissue
✔✔Cartilaginous joints - ✔✔synchondrosis and symphysis
✔✔Synovial joints - ✔✔Most common joints in the body and are characterized by the
presence of the joint cavity, where the bones articulate with one another
-a synovial membrane encapsulates the joint and is filled with synovial fluid to lubricate
joint movements
✔✔What kind of joint in the hip? - ✔✔Ball and socket
✔✔What kind of joint in the knee? - ✔✔Hinge joint
✔✔Epiphysis of bone - ✔✔Rounded end of a long bone; at the joint with the adjacent
bone
✔✔metaphysis of bone - ✔✔The wide portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and
the narrow diaphysis shaft
✔✔Diaphysis of bone - ✔✔The tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal
ends of the bone
, ✔✔Cortical layer of bone - ✔✔Dense compact outer layer of bone
✔✔Cancellous bone - ✔✔Higher surface area but less dense, softer, weaker, and
stiffer.
-typically occurs at the ends of long bones, proximal to the joints.
-highly vascular and frequently contains red bone marrow where the production of blood
cells occurs
✔✔Wolff's Law - ✔✔"Bone changes and grows in form and function due to mechanical
stress and the force of muscular tension on it"
-stress=strength
-no stress=loss of bone
✔✔Cartilage - ✔✔flexible, connective tissue found on joint surfaces
✔✔Articular cartilage - ✔✔white and shiny and has a rubbery consistency allowing joint
surfaces to slide against one another without causing any damage
✔✔Ligament - ✔✔Connect bone to bone; provide stability or limit the mobility of
articulations or movements altogether
✔✔Muscles - ✔✔a band or bundle of fibrous tissue in a human body that functions for
the movement of the bones and joints, maintaining posture and skeletal stability,
protects bone and generates heat
✔✔Tendon - ✔✔Connects muscle to bone
-works in conjunction with muscle to move bone
✔✔Origin of muscle - ✔✔Proximal attachment; does not move bone
✔✔Insertion of muscle - ✔✔Distal attachment; moves the bone
✔✔Knee joint - ✔✔Helps to control the center of body mass and posture in everyday
activities
✔✔Patella - ✔✔Small bone located anterior to the knee joint
-rests in the trochlear groove
-connects the anterior muscles of the thigh to the tibia
-moves in the trochlear groove when the knee is bent and straightened
-provides a mechanical advantage to help the quadriceps muscles function efficiently
✔✔Fibula - ✔✔Provides no real function to the knee joint; distal and proximal ends of
the tibia articulate with the fibula; does not articulate with the femur or patella
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Appendicular skeleton - ✔✔Bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial
skeleton (pelvic girdle and below, shoulder and below)
✔✔Long bone - ✔✔One that is cylindrical in shape, being that it is longer than it is wide
-function as levers moving when the muscles contract
✔✔Short bone - ✔✔One that is cube like in shape being approximately equal in length,
width, and size
-function to provide support and stability
✔✔Flat bone - ✔✔Typically thin and curved and serve as points of attachments for
muscles
-function to protect internal organs
✔✔Irregular bones - ✔✔Irregular shape, bones like the vertebrae to protect the spinal
cord
✔✔Sesamoid bone - ✔✔Small, round bone like the patella that form in tendons where a
great deal of pressure is generated in a joint
✔✔Fibrous joints - ✔✔Where adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective tissue
✔✔Cartilaginous joints - ✔✔synchondrosis and symphysis
✔✔Synovial joints - ✔✔Most common joints in the body and are characterized by the
presence of the joint cavity, where the bones articulate with one another
-a synovial membrane encapsulates the joint and is filled with synovial fluid to lubricate
joint movements
✔✔What kind of joint in the hip? - ✔✔Ball and socket
✔✔What kind of joint in the knee? - ✔✔Hinge joint
✔✔Epiphysis of bone - ✔✔Rounded end of a long bone; at the joint with the adjacent
bone
✔✔metaphysis of bone - ✔✔The wide portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and
the narrow diaphysis shaft
✔✔Diaphysis of bone - ✔✔The tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal
ends of the bone
, ✔✔Cortical layer of bone - ✔✔Dense compact outer layer of bone
✔✔Cancellous bone - ✔✔Higher surface area but less dense, softer, weaker, and
stiffer.
-typically occurs at the ends of long bones, proximal to the joints.
-highly vascular and frequently contains red bone marrow where the production of blood
cells occurs
✔✔Wolff's Law - ✔✔"Bone changes and grows in form and function due to mechanical
stress and the force of muscular tension on it"
-stress=strength
-no stress=loss of bone
✔✔Cartilage - ✔✔flexible, connective tissue found on joint surfaces
✔✔Articular cartilage - ✔✔white and shiny and has a rubbery consistency allowing joint
surfaces to slide against one another without causing any damage
✔✔Ligament - ✔✔Connect bone to bone; provide stability or limit the mobility of
articulations or movements altogether
✔✔Muscles - ✔✔a band or bundle of fibrous tissue in a human body that functions for
the movement of the bones and joints, maintaining posture and skeletal stability,
protects bone and generates heat
✔✔Tendon - ✔✔Connects muscle to bone
-works in conjunction with muscle to move bone
✔✔Origin of muscle - ✔✔Proximal attachment; does not move bone
✔✔Insertion of muscle - ✔✔Distal attachment; moves the bone
✔✔Knee joint - ✔✔Helps to control the center of body mass and posture in everyday
activities
✔✔Patella - ✔✔Small bone located anterior to the knee joint
-rests in the trochlear groove
-connects the anterior muscles of the thigh to the tibia
-moves in the trochlear groove when the knee is bent and straightened
-provides a mechanical advantage to help the quadriceps muscles function efficiently
✔✔Fibula - ✔✔Provides no real function to the knee joint; distal and proximal ends of
the tibia articulate with the fibula; does not articulate with the femur or patella
