NR 283 – Pathophysiology Guide | 100
Questions & Answers | Verified Solutions
1. What is the primary cause of cell injury in hypoxia?
A) Viral infection
B) Bacterial toxins
C) ✔ Lack of oxygen
D) Genetic mutations
2. Which of the following is a characteristic of metaplasia?
A) Irreversible change in cell type
B) ✔ Reversible change where one cell type is replaced by another
C) Decrease in cell size
D) Disorganized growth of cells
3. What is the most common cause of pulmonary edema?
A) Renal failure
B) ✔ Left-sided heart failure
C) Right-sided heart failure
D) Liver cirrhosis
4. The process of programmed cell death is known as:
A) Necrosis
B) Atrophy
C) ✔ Apoptosis
D) Hyperplasia
5. Which type of necrosis is typically associated with tuberculous infections?
A) Coagulative
B) Liquefactive
C) ✔ Caseous
D) Fat necrosis
6. A patient with chronic bronchitis would most likely present with:
A) ✔ A productive cough for at least 3 months in two consecutive years
B) Barrel-shaped chest
C) Sudden dyspnea at rest
D) Localized wheezing
,7. What is the primary pathophysiology of emphysema?
A) Hypertrophy of bronchial glands
B) ✔ Destruction of alveolar walls and loss of elastic recoil
C) Bronchospasm and inflammation
D) Consolidation of lung tissue
8. A life-threatening complication of asthma is:
A) Chronic bronchitis
B) ✔ Status asthmaticus
C) Pleural effusion
D) Cor pulmonale
9. Cor pulmonale is defined as:
A) Failure of the left ventricle
B) ✔ Right-sided heart failure secondary to pulmonary disease
C) Inflammation of the pericardium
D) Hypertrophy of the left ventricle
10. What is the most common cause of a pulmonary embolism (PE)?
A) Air
B) Fat
C) ✔ Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
D) Amniotic fluid
11. A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch is the hallmark of which condition?
A) Pneumonia
B) ✔ Pulmonary embolism
C) Asthma
D) Emphysema
12. Which organism is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia?
A) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
B) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
C) ✔ Streptococcus pneumoniae
D) Staphylococcus aureus
13. What is the primary function of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO)?
A) Fight infection
B) Control blood glucose
,C) ✔ Stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow
D) Regulate calcium levels
14. Pernicious anemia results from a deficiency of:
A) Iron
B) Folic Acid
C) ✔ Intrinsic Factor
D) Erythropoietin
15. A patient with sickle cell anemia is at greatest risk for which complication during a crisis?
A) ✔ Tissue ischemia and infarction from occluded blood flow
B) Uncontrolled bleeding
C) Fluid overload
D) Metabolic alkalosis
16. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is characterized by:
A) Isolated thrombocytopenia
B) ✔ Widespread clotting and simultaneous bleeding
C) Excessive fibrinolytic activity only
D) Vitamin K deficiency
17. What is the most common type of leukemia in adults?
A) Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
B) ✔ Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
C) Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
D) Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
18. The Epstein-Barr virus is associated with which malignancy?
A) Hodgkin Lymphoma
B) ✔ Burkitt Lymphoma
C) Multiple Myeloma
D) Hairy Cell Leukemia
19. Multiple Myeloma is a cancer of:
A) T-lymphocytes
B) Granulocytes
C) ✔ Plasma Cells
D) Stem Cells
20. The cardinal sign of Hodgkin Lymphoma is:
A) Petechiae
, B) ✔ Painless, enlarged lymph nodes (e.g., cervical)
C) Splenomegaly
D) Night sweats
21. What is the primary cause of myocardial ischemia?
A) Hypertension
B) ✔ Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries
C) Valvular heart disease
D) Cardiomyopathy
22. Stable angina is characterized by:
A) Pain at rest
B) Unpredictable pain that occurs at rest
C) ✔ Predictable chest pain relieved by rest or nitroglycerin
D) Pain lasting more than 30 minutes
23. The most serious complication of an Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) is:
A) Pericarditis
B) ✔ Sudden cardiac death from ventricular fibrillation
C) Mitral valve prolapse
D) Hypertension
24. What is the underlying mechanism of heart failure?
A) ✔ The heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's metabolic needs.
B) A sudden drop in blood pressure.
C) Inflammation of the heart muscle.
D) An irregular heart rhythm.
25. In left-sided heart failure, the primary symptom is:
A) Peripheral edema
B) Hepatomegaly
C) ✔ Pulmonary congestion and dyspnea
D) Jugular venous distension
26. Right-sided heart failure is often a consequence of:
A) Liver disease
B) ✔ Left-sided heart failure
C) Renal failure
D) Anemia
Questions & Answers | Verified Solutions
1. What is the primary cause of cell injury in hypoxia?
A) Viral infection
B) Bacterial toxins
C) ✔ Lack of oxygen
D) Genetic mutations
2. Which of the following is a characteristic of metaplasia?
A) Irreversible change in cell type
B) ✔ Reversible change where one cell type is replaced by another
C) Decrease in cell size
D) Disorganized growth of cells
3. What is the most common cause of pulmonary edema?
A) Renal failure
B) ✔ Left-sided heart failure
C) Right-sided heart failure
D) Liver cirrhosis
4. The process of programmed cell death is known as:
A) Necrosis
B) Atrophy
C) ✔ Apoptosis
D) Hyperplasia
5. Which type of necrosis is typically associated with tuberculous infections?
A) Coagulative
B) Liquefactive
C) ✔ Caseous
D) Fat necrosis
6. A patient with chronic bronchitis would most likely present with:
A) ✔ A productive cough for at least 3 months in two consecutive years
B) Barrel-shaped chest
C) Sudden dyspnea at rest
D) Localized wheezing
,7. What is the primary pathophysiology of emphysema?
A) Hypertrophy of bronchial glands
B) ✔ Destruction of alveolar walls and loss of elastic recoil
C) Bronchospasm and inflammation
D) Consolidation of lung tissue
8. A life-threatening complication of asthma is:
A) Chronic bronchitis
B) ✔ Status asthmaticus
C) Pleural effusion
D) Cor pulmonale
9. Cor pulmonale is defined as:
A) Failure of the left ventricle
B) ✔ Right-sided heart failure secondary to pulmonary disease
C) Inflammation of the pericardium
D) Hypertrophy of the left ventricle
10. What is the most common cause of a pulmonary embolism (PE)?
A) Air
B) Fat
C) ✔ Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
D) Amniotic fluid
11. A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch is the hallmark of which condition?
A) Pneumonia
B) ✔ Pulmonary embolism
C) Asthma
D) Emphysema
12. Which organism is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia?
A) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
B) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
C) ✔ Streptococcus pneumoniae
D) Staphylococcus aureus
13. What is the primary function of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO)?
A) Fight infection
B) Control blood glucose
,C) ✔ Stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow
D) Regulate calcium levels
14. Pernicious anemia results from a deficiency of:
A) Iron
B) Folic Acid
C) ✔ Intrinsic Factor
D) Erythropoietin
15. A patient with sickle cell anemia is at greatest risk for which complication during a crisis?
A) ✔ Tissue ischemia and infarction from occluded blood flow
B) Uncontrolled bleeding
C) Fluid overload
D) Metabolic alkalosis
16. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is characterized by:
A) Isolated thrombocytopenia
B) ✔ Widespread clotting and simultaneous bleeding
C) Excessive fibrinolytic activity only
D) Vitamin K deficiency
17. What is the most common type of leukemia in adults?
A) Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
B) ✔ Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
C) Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
D) Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
18. The Epstein-Barr virus is associated with which malignancy?
A) Hodgkin Lymphoma
B) ✔ Burkitt Lymphoma
C) Multiple Myeloma
D) Hairy Cell Leukemia
19. Multiple Myeloma is a cancer of:
A) T-lymphocytes
B) Granulocytes
C) ✔ Plasma Cells
D) Stem Cells
20. The cardinal sign of Hodgkin Lymphoma is:
A) Petechiae
, B) ✔ Painless, enlarged lymph nodes (e.g., cervical)
C) Splenomegaly
D) Night sweats
21. What is the primary cause of myocardial ischemia?
A) Hypertension
B) ✔ Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries
C) Valvular heart disease
D) Cardiomyopathy
22. Stable angina is characterized by:
A) Pain at rest
B) Unpredictable pain that occurs at rest
C) ✔ Predictable chest pain relieved by rest or nitroglycerin
D) Pain lasting more than 30 minutes
23. The most serious complication of an Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) is:
A) Pericarditis
B) ✔ Sudden cardiac death from ventricular fibrillation
C) Mitral valve prolapse
D) Hypertension
24. What is the underlying mechanism of heart failure?
A) ✔ The heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's metabolic needs.
B) A sudden drop in blood pressure.
C) Inflammation of the heart muscle.
D) An irregular heart rhythm.
25. In left-sided heart failure, the primary symptom is:
A) Peripheral edema
B) Hepatomegaly
C) ✔ Pulmonary congestion and dyspnea
D) Jugular venous distension
26. Right-sided heart failure is often a consequence of:
A) Liver disease
B) ✔ Left-sided heart failure
C) Renal failure
D) Anemia
