Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children – 9th Edition (McCance & Huether) – Complete Test Bank

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 9TH EDITION MCCANCE TEST BANK
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McCance and Huether’s, Pathophysiology:The Biologic Basis
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for Disease in Adults and Children, 9TH ED(PATHOPHYSIOL
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OGY 9TH EDITION) B2 B2




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, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 9TH EDITION MCCANCE TEST BANK B2 B2 B2 B2 B2




Chapter 1: Cellular Biology
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MULTIPLE CHOICE B2 B2
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1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
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a. Cells can produce proteins. c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
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b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes.
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ANS: C B2 B2


In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from t
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heir surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cell
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ular metabolic absorption.
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PTS: 1
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a REF: Page 2 B2
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2. Most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained in the:
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a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome d. Lysosome
c. Nucleolus
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ANS: C B2 B2


The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA,
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u
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most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-
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not contain most of a cell’s genetic information.
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binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its activity. The other options do
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3.
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PTS: 1
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Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (HNURSINGTB.COM
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REF: Page 2

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2O2) by using oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidat
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ive reaction?
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a. Lysosomes c. Ribosomes B2 B2 B2


b. Peroxisomes d. Oxyhydrosomes B2 B2 B2
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ANS: B B2 B2


Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to re
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move hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces
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H2O2, which is a powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or esca
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pes from peroxisomes. Ribosomes are RNA-
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protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted i
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nto the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexe
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s. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain
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more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins, li
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pids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Oxyhydrosomes are involved in enzyme produc
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tion. B2
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PTS: 1 B2 B2 REF: Page 8 B2 B2 B2
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4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cel
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l injury?
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a. Ribosome c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum B2 B2 B2 B2 B2


b. Golgi complex d. Lysosomes B2 B2 B2 B2
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ANS: D B2 B2


The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive en
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zymes within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the cytopl
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asmic matrix. Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury lead
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s to a release of the lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their specific subst
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rates, causing cellular self-
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digestion. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
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PTS: 1 B2 B2 REF: Pages 7-8 B2 B2 B2
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5. What is the sequence of steps in the development of a digestive enzyme by the pancrea
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s cells from the initial transcription to the release from the cell?
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a
a. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the ribo
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some for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell membrane.
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b. The enzyme is transcribed from RNA by DNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the lyso
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some for synthesis, and is transported in an encapsulated membrane to the cell me
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mbrane. B2
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c. The enzyme is transcribed by the mitochondria in the nucleus, proceeds to the ribo
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d. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
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some for synthesis, and is transported in a cytoskeleton to the cell membrane.
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Golgi complex for synthesis, and is transported in a cytosol to the cell membrane.
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ANS: A
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The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the riboso
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ther options do not correctly describe this process.
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me for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell membrane. The o
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PTS: 1 B2 B2 REF: Page 7 | Figure 1-5
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6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
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a. G1 c. G2 B2 B2 B2


b. S d. M B2 B2 B2
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ANS: B B2 B2


The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is
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the period between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) th
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e S phase (S = synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) th
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e G2 phase, during which RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the c
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ompletion of DNA synthesis and the next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which incl
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udes nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
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PTS: 1 B2 B2 REF: Page 37 B2 B2 B2
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7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as rec
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eptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?
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a. Lipids c. Proteins B2 B2 B2


b. Proteases d. Carbohydrates B2 B2 B2
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ANS: C B2 B2


Proteins act as (1) recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances moving in
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and out of the cell; (2) pores or transport channels for various electrically charged part
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icles called ions or electrolytes and specific carriers for amino acids and monosacchari
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des; and (3) specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote the concentration o
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f certain ions, particularly potassium (K+), within the cell while keeping concentrations
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of other ions, for example, sodium (Na+), below the concentrations found in the extra
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cellular environment. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
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PTS: 1 B2 B2 REF: Page 13 | Page 15
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8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades, such as caspase-
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or which human diseases?
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mediated apoptosis and complement cascades, may be useful in designing drug therapy f
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a. Cardiac and vascular disorders B2 B2 B2
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b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders B2 B2 B2 B2


c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders B2 B2 B2 B2


d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders
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ANS: B B2 B2


Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing drug i
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nterventions. Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many human diseases,
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including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders. The other options do
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not correctly describe this process.
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PTS: 1 B2 B2 REF: Page 15 B2 B2 B2
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9. Which structure prevents water-
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soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma membrane?
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a. Carbohydrate chains B2 B2 c. Membrane channel proteins
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b. Glycoprotein channels B2 B2 d. Lipid bilayer
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ANS: D B2 B2


The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential functions of the plasma memb
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rane. It is impermeable to most water-
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soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve in water) because the water-
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soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily core region. The bilayer serves as a barrier
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2to the diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances while allowing lipid-
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soluble molecules, such as oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), to diffuse through i
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t readily. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
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PTS: 1 B2 B2 REF: Pages 12-13 B2 B2 B2
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10. The fluid mosaic model explains:
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