STAT Unit one Challenge one

STAT Unit one Challenge one 1. A bakery owner asked 150 customers to taste a new type of cookie and found that 60 people liked its taste. Which of these is an example of descriptive statistics? • a.)40% of the people in the city where the bakery is located like the taste of the cookie. • b.)40% of all the bakery’s customers like the taste of the cookie. • c.)40% of the surveyed customers like the taste of the cookie. • d.)40% of all people like the taste of the cookie. A company packed 8 dark chocolates in a box of 32 assorted chocolates. Which of these does NOT represent inferential statistics? • a.)25% of the chocolates in a box are dark chocolates. • b.)25% of the chocolates packed in a day are dark chocolates. • c.)25% of the chocolates manufactured in a batch are dark chocolates. • d.)25% of the chocolates manufactured in a factory are dark chocolates. A survey on Internet usage was conducted among a group of 200 students in the school cafeteria. It was found that 100 students spend at least two hours online every day. Which of these is an example of descriptive statistics? • a.)50% of the students in a class spend at least two hours online each day. • b.)50% of the students in the school spend at least two hours online each day. • c.)50% of the students in the cafeteria spend at least two hours online each day. • d.)50% of the students surveyed spend at least two hours online each day. 2. If you are using new information in a survey that was not collected during previous surveys, you will be using _______ to gauge customer satisfaction. • a.)raw data • b.)biased data • c.)peer-reviewed data • d.)available data If numbers collected from a survey are measurements, what are these measurements called before you perform any calculations? • a.)biased data • b.)available data • c.)raw data • d.)peer-reviewed data You find some public records about customer satisfaction in the company’s archive. What type of data is this called? • a.)raw data • b.)available data • c.)biased data • d.)peer-reviewed data 3. Select the two categories that would yield quantitative data. • a.)Type of pet • b.)Weight of pet • c.)Color of pet • d.)Age of pet Select the two categories that would yield qualitative data. • a.)Pet owner’s monthly income • b.)Type of pet • c.)Pet’s purchase price • d.)Age of pet The amount spent on pet food each month is an example of _____ data. • a.)nominal • b.)quantitative • c.)ordinal • d.)qualitative 4. Which of these data sets does NOT represent continuous data? • a.)Gender of students in a college • b.)Weights of potatoes in a sack • c.)Rainfall readings during a week • d.)Heights of trees at a nursery Which of these data sets represent discrete data? • a.)Time spent in running 1 mile • b.)Number of questions answered incorrectly in a multiple-choice quiz • c.)Snowfall that fell last night in Maine • d.)Temperature readings for Tuesday afternoon Which of these data sets represent continuous data? • a.)Heights of members of a baseball team • b.)Monthly salaries of employees • c.)Number of questions answered correctly in a multiple-choice quiz • d.)Numbers of tickets sold for a football game challenge two 5. Which of these is an example of multi-stage sampling? • a.)Randomly selecting elements from the entire population of New York • b.)Dividing the population of New York into groups and then making simple random samples from those groups. • c.)Dividing the total population of New York into groups and then selecting people in proportion from these groups. • d.)Choosing New York as a sample, then selecting a sample of zip codes within New York, then sampling the names of people living in those zip codes. Which of these approaches is generally done in a multi-stage sample? • a.)The total population is divided into groups and then some groups are randomly selected. • b.)A sample is made by randomly picking out elements from the total population. • c.)The population is subdivided into smaller and smaller clusters which are then sampled. • d.)A sample is made by randomly picking every nth element of the total population. Which of these is an example of multi-stage sampling? • a.)Choosing Florida as a sample, then selecting a sample of school districts within Florida, then sampling the number of children in households living in those areas. • b.)Dividing the population of Florida into groups and then making simple random samples of those groups. • c.)Dividing the total population of Florida into groups and then selecting households in proportion from these groups. • d.)Randomly selecting households from the entire population of Florida. 1. A researcher is interested in researching weekly earnings in large cities across the country. A survey was conducted among 100 residents in a city to determine their weekly earnings. Which statement is true? • a.)The surveyed residents are the sample. • b.)The residents in the city are the population. • c.)The surveyed residents are the population. • d.)The residents in the city are the sample. A dealership is trying to understand its customers better. A survey was conducted among 100 customers to determine their favorite color for a sedan. Which statement is true? • a.)All people who purchased a car from the car dealer represent the sample. • b.)All people who purchased a car from the car dealer last year represent the population. • c.)The 100 people surveyed represent the population. • d.)The 100 people surveyed represent the sample. A production company is interested in collecting information on the impact of an educational documentary on everyone that watched it at the film festival. Which statement is true? • a.)The production company is the sample. • b.)The group of people that watched the documentary at the festival represents the population. • c.)The production company represents the population. • d.)The group of people that watched the documentary at the festival is the sample. 2. Which of these random samples qualifies as a representative sample to find out what parents think about the levels of college tuition fees in the state? • a.)50 parents of college students from the state • b.)50 residents of a county in the state • c.)50 parents of college students from another state • d.)50 residents of a city in the state Which of these random samples qualifies as a representative sample if studying the opinion of people who use online shopping websites? • a.)Employees of the online shopping websites b.)Consumers who do not shop online • c.)Consumers who order products online • d.)Retailers who sell their products online Which of these random samples qualifies as a representative sample if studying the opinion of the attendees to a business seminar? • a.)35 people whose businesses are related to the topics discussed at the seminar • b.)35 people who spoke at the seminar • c.)35 people who attended the seminar • d.)35 people from the company that organized the seminar • 3. Which of these examples best represents a simple random sample? • a.)Picking out the names of every 10th person from a group of 200 people who drive a car. • b.)Selecting all the students in a group of 50 students. • c.)Using a name generator to pick out 20 names from a group of 100 students. • d.)Selecting every 15th person in a group of 100 volunteer Which of these is an example of a systematic random sample? • a.)Picking out 10 names from a bag containing names of 50 students. • b.)Selecting every 20th person in a line of 200 moviegoers. • c.)Selecting all the students in a class of 30. • d.)Selecting 4 balls from a bag containing 20 balls. Which of these is an example of systematic random sample? • a.)Picking out the telephone number of every 20th person from a directory. • b.)Choosing 10 marbles from a jar containing 40 marbles. • c.)Picking out 10 names from a group of 50 students. • d.)Selecting one card from a deck of 52 well-shuffled cards 4. • Which of these statements best defines a stratified random sample? • a.)It is a sample where every nth element of the population is selected in a sequence. • b.)It is a sample in which every element has the same chance of being selected from the total population. • c.)It is a sample where the population is first broken into homogenous groups and then elements are randomly selected, in proportion, from each group. • d.)It is a sample where the population is divided into roughly equal groups, and then elements are randomly selected from each group. Which of these statements best explains cluster sampling? • a.)The cluster sampling method is a combination of random sampling techniques. • b.)In the cluster sampling method, population is broken into groups and then elements are randomly selected in proportion from each group. • c.)In the cluster sampling method, elements are randomly selected from the total population. • d.)In the cluster sampling method, total population is roughly divided into groups based on location and a simple random sample of the groups is taken. Select the statement regarding cluster sampling that is FALSE. • a.)Every element of the total population has an equal probability of being selected. • b.)Some of the groups are randomly selected. • c.)Every element of some groups is included in the sample. • d.)The total population is divided into groups. Challenge three 1. Select the statement that expresses an approach used with observational studies. • a.)"I think asking questions and collecting the information we want from our population sample is a good start." • b.)"We can test out locations for a brick and mortar by moving our truck. I mean, we have our social media page that gives our daily locations, but what if we found a location we like for a brick and mortar and see if our customers follow us there?" • c.)"Next week, let's send out a coupon for 25% off any menu item to see if we get more customers." • d.)"We took all those notes. We recorded customer counts, menus, food prices, even the general atmosphere of the food truck environment." Select the statement that expresses an approach used with experiments. • a.)The researcher should have control over exactly one variable. • b.)The researcher should have control over all of the variables. • c.)The researcher should not have control over any variable. • d.)The researcher should have control over some of the variables. Which of the following is an advantage that is unique only to experiments? • a.)Experimenters can work with a sample that represents the population as a whole. • b.)Experimenters can use the data to draw cause and effect relationships. • c.)Experimenters can observe and record information of interest. • d.)Experimenters can reference sample data to draw inferences about the population. 2. If you were to track coffee preferences among your co-workers for the next two weeks, which type of statistical study would you be performing? • a.)Retrospective study • b.)Experiment • c.)Prospective study • d.)Case control study Following a group of truck drivers and noting the number of miles traveled for one year refers to which type of statistical study? • a.)Retrospective study • b.Prospective study • c.)Experiment • d.)Case control study Which of these situations best describes a retrospective observational study? • a.)A company using different promotions and analyzing its sales. • b.)A doctor analyzing the medical history of a person. • c.)A student flipping a coin and analyzing its outcomes. • d.)A clinical researcher giving a medicine to a person and analyzing its effects. 3. Analyzing the results of rolling a fair die 100 times refers to which of these principles? • a.)Treatment • b.)Control • c.)Replication • d.)Randomization Which of these is true for the control group in an experiment? • a.)It is exposed to the factor under consideration and all other external influences are held constant. b.)It is not exposed to the factor under consideration and all other external influences are varied. • c.)It is exposed to the factor under consideration and all other external influences are varied. • d.)It is not exposed to the factor under consideration and all other external influences are held constant. Which of these situations best describes randomization? • a.)Repeating the same cancer treatment for 100 patients to get a larger sample. • b.)Drawing a black card from a well-shuffled standard deck of 52 cards. • c.)Changing the number of coins used in an experiment involving coin tosses. • d.)Regulating the amount of sunlight that enters a greenhouse. 4. Which of these statements is true regarding a randomized block design experiment? • a.)The total population is randomly divided into groups of equal size and a treatment is assigned to each group. • b.)Every nth element is selected out of the total population. • c.) Random allocation of treatment and control groups is done within the divided groups. • d.)The probability of every element being selected from the total population is the same. Which of these statements best describes a randomized block design experiment? • a.)In this experiment, a sample is divided roughly into some groups and then some of the groups are randomly selected. • b.)In this experiment, the subjects are divided into homogeneous blocks and a treatment is assigned to every element of the block. • c.)In this experiment, closely matched elements are paired, and then one of them is put in the treatment group and the other in the control group. • d.)In this experiment, the subjects are divided into groups by a variable of interest and the elements are then randomly allocated to treatment and control groups within these groups. Which of these statements is NOT true regarding a randomized block design experiment? • a.)The elements are randomly allocated to treatment and control groups. • b.)The sample is divided into participants or subjects and then grouped by a variable of interest. • c.)Elements are randomly selected from equal-sized blocks of the total population. • d.)This design has an advantage of controlling for variables that might confound the response. 5. Select the TRUE statement for completely random design. • a.)The experimental units are assigned randomly to one or more control groups and one or more treatment groups. • b.The experimental units are assigned randomly to one or more control groups and exactly one treatment group. • c.)The experimental units are assigned randomly to exactly one control group and one or more treatment groups. • d.)The experimental units are assigned randomly to exactly one control group and one treatment group. Select the FALSE statement about completely random design. • a.)Any number of treatments may be addressed. • b.)It minimizes the effects of confounding variables. • c.)The additional variables affect different control groups differently. • d.)Subjects are randomly assigned to treatments. Select the FALSE statement about completely random design. • a.)This design is the easiest way of assigning individuals to a treatment group. • b.)The test subjects are first broken into groups based on a certain variable of interest before being assigned to each treatment condition. • c.)The test subjects are assigned to treatment levels of the primary factor at random. d.)This design can lead to disproportionate results. 6. Which of these statements about a matched-pair design is FALSE? • a.)The matched pair must contain two distinct subjects. • b.)Possible confounding variables are controlled by matching as many characteristics as possible. • c.)Elements within each pair are randomly selected. • d.)Treatments are randomly applied to one element of each pair. Which of these statements best describes a matched-pair design? • a.)A design in which only two treatments are tested on pairs of similar subjects. • b.A design in which the total population is divided into homogeneous blocks and a treatment is assigned to every element of the block. • c.)A design in which an entire sample is divided into pairs, and then the pairs are matched together at random. • d.)A design in which the total population is randomly divided into groups of equal size and a treatment is assigned to each group. Which of these statements is true for a matched-pair design? • a.)The matched elements within different pairs are randomly assigned to different treatments. • b.)The matched elements within each pair are randomly assigned to different treatments. • c.)The matched elements within each pair are assigned to the same treatment. • d.)The matched elements within different pairs are randomly assigned to the same treatment. 7. Which of the following is NOT an example of a survey? • a.)A cell phone company randomly called 200 customers and asked about customer satisfaction. • b.)A nutritionist is studying the relationship between eating carbohydrates and gaining weight. The nutritionist recorded the diets and weights of 10 people for a year. • c.)A high school student council is determining the new mascot for the school. Five students from each grade are asked what they would want as the mascot. • d.)Every 50th person listed in a neighborhood directory was emailed and asked about their favorite genre of music. Which of the following is an example of a survey? • a.)An owner of a local pizza shop offers two new toppings to see which sells the most at the end of the day. • b.)A food truck owner tests out different locations for a brick and mortar by using the business's Facebook page to promote the daily location. • c.)A general manager of a restaurant records customer counts and food prices to determine what changes need to be made. • d.)A clothing store owner asks questions to collect information from the population by taking a sample of his customers. Which of the following is NOT an example of a survey? • a.)A school is planning a field trip for all its students. Ten students are randomly selected from each grade and are asked where they want to go for the field trip. • b.) researcher is trying to determine if there is a relationship between the type of plant fertilizer used and the plant height. The researcher examined records for the past three years at a nearby greenhouse. • c.)Every 100th person listed in the telephone directory was called and asked about their all-time favorite cartoon character. • d.)A human resources manager at a large company asked 50 employees in each department to rate the company on employee satisfaction. 8. Which of these represents a blind experiment? • a.)Asking a group of students to choose their favorite field trip location from a list of five field trip options. • b.)Asking a group of adults to compare the taste of coffee without revealing the names of the brands. • c.)Asking a group of students about their favorite TV show from a list of eight TV shows. • d.)Asking a group of children to choose their favorite toy from a bin containing different toys. Which of these represents a blind experiment? • a.)Asking a group of students about their favorite movie from a list of five movies. • b.)Asking a group of girls to compare the tastes of chocolate without revealing the names of the brands. • c.)Asking a group of car drivers to choose their favorite car from a list of 10 cars. • d.)Asking a group of adults about the candidate they will vote for in the presidential elections. Which of these is an example of a blind experiment? • a.)Asking a group of kids to choose their favorite candy from a jar containing different candies. • b.)Asking a group of students about their favorite sports from a list containing names of 10 sports. • c.)Asking a group of students to compare the tastes of different brands of potato chips without revealing the names of the brands. • d.)Asking a group of students about the candidate they will vote for in the school elections. 9. Julie had a sore throat and was told she was being given a name brand medicine but it was really colored water. Four hours later she was asked if she feels better, and she agreed she did. What does the placebo effect mean in this specific situation? • a.)Julie received the benefit from the treatment since she also took sore throat medication. • b.)The benefit is due to the fact that Julie was given the treatment (liquid, although water) and not an effect of the "active ingredient" (cough medicine). • c.)The benefit is that Julie was given the control (liquid, although water) and not the active ingredient (cough medicine). • d.)The benefit is the fact that Julie received the treatment (liquid, although water) and it contains another active ingredient. By accident, Janae has been making decaffeinated coffee for her co-workers for the entire week. But some of her co-workers have claimed that the extra boost of caffeine has helped them focus on their work. What does the placebo effect mean in this specific situation? • a.)The co-workers get a benefit from the "treatment" (coffee, although decaffeinated) since they also drink coffee at the coffee shop across the street during breaks. • b.)The benefit is the result of the "control" (coffee, although decaffeinated) and not an effect of the "active ingredient" (caffeine). • c.)The benefit is due to the fact that the co-workers are given a "treatment" (coffee, although decaffeinated) and not an effect of the "active ingredient" (caffeine). • d.)The benefit is the result of the fact that the "treatment" (coffee, although decaffeinated) contains another "active ingredient" besides caffeine. Jennifer had a headache and was told she was given a name brand medicine but it was really a sugar pill. Three hours later she was asked if she feels better, and she agreed she did. What does the placebo effect mean in this specific situation? • a.)The benefit is that Jennifer was given the control (pill, although only a sugar pill) and not the active ingredient (cough medicine). • b.)Jennifer received the benefit from the treatment since she also took a nap. • c.)The benefit is due to the fact that Jennifer was given the treatment (pill, although only a sugar pill) and not an effect of the "active ingredient" (headache medicine). • d.)The benefit is the fact that Jennifer received the treatment (pill, although only a sugar pill) and it contains another active ingredient. Challenge four 6.. The following are the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for the years . All of the values use a reference year of 1986. Year CPI 1991 110 1992 120 1993 135 Which of the following is true about the CPI, based on the information? • a.)$100 in 1992 would have been worth $100 in 1986. • b.)$100 in 1993 would be equivalent to $120 in 1992. • c.)$100 in 1991 would have been worth $110 in 1986. • d.)$100 in 1986 would be equivalent to $135 in 1993. The following are the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for the years . All of the values use a reference year of 1985. Year CPI 1990 114 1991 130 1992 145 Which of the following is true about the CPI, based on the information? • a.)$100 in 1992 would be equivalent to $130 in 1991. • b.)$100 in 1991 would have been worth $100 in 1990. • c.)$100 in 1990 would have been worth $114 in 1985. • d.)The following are the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for the years . All of the values use a reference year of 1990. Year CPI 1995 114 1996 128 1997 143 Which of the following is true about the CPI, based on the information? • a.)$100 in 1996 would have been worth $100 in 1995. • b.)$100 in 1990 would be equivalent to $143 in 1997. • c.)$100 in 1997 would be equivalent to $143 in 1996. • d.)$100 in 1995 would have been worth $114 in 1990. 1. Sean wants to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of a chemical reaction. What type of variable is the temperature in Sean's experiment? • a.)Dependent • b.)Response • c.)Confounding • d.)Explanatory When Ben increases the temperature difference between two junctions, the voltage also increases. What type of variable is voltage in the above situation? • a.)Response • b.)Independent • c.)Explanatory • d.)Confounding A recent survey supports the idea that people who like strong flavor end up drinking more coffee. The only thing that worries the researcher is that she distributed the survey right before a holiday weekend, so she did not receive as many responses as she would have hoped. Determine the confounding variable in the researcher's experiment. • a.)The coffee temperature • b.)The holiday weekend • c.)The people who like strong flavor • d.)The rate of coffee consumption 2. Which of these represents a binomial question? • a.)How does being a pet owner make you feel? • b.)How many animals do you own? • c.)What are the names of your pets? • d.Do you own a rabbit? Which of these represents an open question? • a.)How can I help you? • b.)Will this help you? • c.)Can I help you? • d.)Who helped you? Which of these represents a closed question? • a.)What information do you need? • b.)What will this information help you do? • c.)Will this information help you? • d.)How will this information help you? 3. • • • • After reading a survey in Modern Dog Magazine that reported that 74% of Americans prefer dogs, Kendra is curious about the survey's reliability. She finds out that the study used an outside research organization to select 1,000 people each year for seven years. The results from each year are below. Year Percentage that Prefers Dogs 1 75% 2 76% 3 79% 4 73% 5 71% 6 74% 7 71% Select the statement that is true about Modern Dog Magazine's survey. • a.)The survey results are neither accurate nor precise. • b.)The survey results are both accurate and precise. • c.)The survey results are accurate but not precise. • d.)The survey results are precise but not accurate. The American Kennel Club sponsored a national survey of 5,000 households that own pets and found that 74% of households prefer dogs. The next week, Kendra conducts an informal poll, asking every person that comes into the store if they prefer dogs to other animals. On Sunday, she enters the following information into an Excel spreadsheet: Day Percentage that Prefers Dogs Monday 94% Tuesday 87% Wednesday 89% Thursday 95% Friday 91% Saturday 93% Sunday 89% Select the statement that is true about Kendra's measurements. • a.)Kendra's measurements are neither accurate nor precise. • b.)Kendra's measurements are both accurate and precise. • c.)Kendra's measurements are accurate but not precise. • d.)Kendra's measurements are precise but not accurate. Kendra reads in Modern Dog Magazine that the average age of dogs currently alive is 4.8 years. To determine if this finding applies to the customers in her pet store, Kendra surveys every fifth customer in her store who owns a dog and asks the age of their dog. She collects data for seven weeks and obtains the following averages. Week Average Age (in years) 1 3.7 2 3.8 3 4.2 4 4.1 5 3.9 6 3.9 7 4.0 Select the statement that is true about Kendra's sample. • a.)Kendra's samples are accurate but not precise. • b.)Kendra's samples are both accurate and precise. • c.)Kendra's samples are precise but not accurate. • d.)Kendra's samples are neither accurate nor precise. 4. In 2011, there were 150 participants in a quiz competition. In 2012, there were 185 participants in this quiz competition. Select the true statement about participants in the quiz competition from 2011 to 2012. Percentages are rounded to the nearest tenths place. • a.)The absolute change is -35 students and the relative change indicates a decrease of 23.3%. • b.)The absolute change is -35 students and the relative change indicates a decrease of 35%. • c.)The absolute change is 35 students and the relative change indicates an increase of 23.3%. • d.)The absolute change is 35 students and the relative change indicates an increase of 18.92%. In 2014, there were 500 students enrolled in a college course. In 2015, there were 450 students enrolled in this particular course. Select the true statement about students enrolled in this course from 2014 to 2015. Percentages are rounded to the nearest tenths place. • a.)The absolute change is 50 students and the relative change indicates a decrease of 10%. • b.)The absolute change is 50 students and the relative change indicates an increase of 11%. • c.)The absolute change is -50 students and the relative change indicates a decrease of 10%. • d.)The absolute change is –50 students and the relative change indicates a decrease of 11%. In 2000, there were 4,578 residents living in multi-family housing units. In 2010, there were 4,312 residents living in multi-family housing units. Select the true statement about residents living in multi-family housing units from 2000 to 2010. Percentages are rounded to the nearest tenths place. • a.)The absolute change is 266 residents and the relative change indicates an increase of 5.8%. • b.)The absolute change is 266 residents and the relative change indicates an increase of 6.2%. • c.)The absolute change is -266 residents and the relative change indicates a decrease of 5.8%. • d.)The absolute change is -266 residents and the relative change indicates a decrease of 6.2%. 5. A company’s market share went from 50 to 40 percent of the total market. Of the following choices, which two statements about the company's market shares are true? • a.) There was a 20% decrease in market shares. • b.)Market shares dropped by 20 percentage points. • c.)Market shares dropped by 25 percentage points. • d.)There was a 25% decrease in market shares. • e.)There was a 10% decrease in market shares. • f.)Market shares dropped by 10 percentage points. A company’s market share went from 50 to 65 percent of the total market. Of the following choices, which two statements about the company's market shares are true? • a.)Market shares rose by 15 percentage points. • b.)Market shares rose by 23 percentage points. • c.)There was a 23% increase in market shares. • d.)There was a 30% increase in market shares. • e.)Market shares rose by 30 percentage points. • f.)There was a 15% increase in market shares. A department store manager noted that the sales of furniture contributed 20% of the store's profits in the year 2015 and 29% in the year 2016. Of the following choices, which two statements about furniture sales are true? • a.)There was a 9% increase in furniture sales. • b.)Furniture sales rose by 9 percentage points. • c.)Furniture sales rose by 45 percentage points. • d.)Furniture sales rose by 31 percentage points. • e.)There was a 45% increase in furniture sales. • f.)There was a 31% increase in furniture sales. Challenge five 1. How about members of a local professional sports team who are conducting a survey? Which data collection method would provide biased results for the question "What is your favorite sport?" • a.)Ask people walking on the beach. • B).Ask people attending a concert. • c.)Ask people at a shopping mall. • d.)Ask people attending a soccer game. A large company is interested in opening an on-site gym for the employees and would like to know what hours the employees would prefer to have the gym open. Which data collection method would provide an unbiased sample? • a.)Emailing a questionnaire to the employees • b.)Asking five random employees from each shift • c.)Asking all employees who work from 8am - 5pm • d.)Posting a request for survey volunteers in the company's breakroom A radio station wants to see how many listeners enjoy classical music. Which data collection method would provide an unbiased sample? • a.)Ask the listeners to call the radio station and use the first 20 people who call in • b.)Call every 15th person in a telephone directory • c.)Post a request for survey volunteers on the radio station's Facebook page. • d.)Attend the next classical concert and ask 50 random people 2. Customers were asked "Why didn't you buy anything?" when they left the store without making a purchase. A few customers seem surprised by this question and many answered by saying that they forgot their wallet at home. Customers lying about why they did not make a purchase is an example of _____ bias. • a.) deliberate • b.) non-response • c.) response • d.) selection Kendra thinks it's important to know how much money her customers make, so she can decide whether to offer high-end items. Because Kendra’s shop is in a small town, most of her customers are her friends and neighbors. One survey question asks, “How much money do you make each month?” A customer who responds by writing down a really high number to impress Kendra is an example of ______ bias. • a.) selection • b.) unintentional • c.) response • d.) non-response Kendra decides to go door-to-door and survey people who live near the pet shop she owns. On Tuesday, Kendra steps out during her lunch break and finds that many people aren't home. Of the people who are home, Kendra discovers that most of them are elderly or stay-at-home parents. Discovering that many people are not available to participate in her survey is an example of ______ bias. • a.)deliberate • b.)nonresponse • c.)response • d.)unintentional • 3. Survey A had the question: "Should people be allowed to smoke?" Survey B asked respondents: "Since cigarettes are dangerous and have deadly side effects such as cancer, wouldn't you agree that smoking should be controlled to save the lives of many?" Which survey can be associated with deliberate bias? • a.)Both Survey A and Survey B • b.)Only Survey B • c.)Only Survey A • d.)Neither Survey A nor Survey B Tim mailed a lot of his surveys to married couples. However, he included only the name of the male spouse in the mailing address. As a result, Tim has systematically excluded the opinions of female spouses from his survey. Ideally, Tim would prefer to have a 50/50 split in male and female respondents in his sample. Based upon the above scenario, which of the following is TRUE? • a.)Tim has uncovered selection bias in his methods. • b.)Tim sought to promote non-response bias in his survey. • c.)Tim sought to promote participation bias in his survey. • d.)Tim has uncovered deliberate bias in his methods. A survey asked the following question: Do you agree that drinking is okay as long as you are of the legal age and that you don't get drunk? What type of bias does this question introduce? • a.)Response • b.)Selection • c.)Deliberate • d.)Non-response 4. Select the example that represents self-selected sampling. • a.)Naomi goes door to door asking questions in a neighborhood that might be a good fit for the restaurant. • b.)Naomi posts a request for survey volunteers on the restaurant's Facebook page. • c.)Naomi asks a few questions whenever she thinks a customer seems friendly. • d.)Naomi asks the same survey question to everyone who comes to the restaurant. Select the example that represents convenience sampling. • a.)George asks every 10th customer to fill out a survey. • b.)George hangs flyers for volunteers to answer questions for the survey on various streets and convenience stores throughout the city. • c.)George asks the same survey question to the first 20 customers to visit the food truck. • d.)George offers a free cookie to anyone who agrees to answer the survey questions. Select the example that represents self-selected sampling. • a.)Aaron mails survey questions to all of the customers who signed up to receive offers and updates from his clothing store. • b.)Aaron walks around the mall asking questions to customers that are shopping in similar clothing stores. • c.)Aaron asks the same survey question to the 20 nearest customers in his store. • d.)Aaron asks a couple questions whenever he thinks a customer seems interested as they walk by his store. 5. Which statement about random errors is FALSE? • a.)They do not arise from the design of the study. • b.)They are difficult to detect. • c.)They are less likely for small sample sizes. • d.)They arise when the sample has some different characteristics than the population. Which statement about random errors is FALSE? • a.)They do not arise from the design of the study. • b.)They are difficult to detect. • c.)They are less likely for small sample sizes. • d.)They arise when the sample has some different characteristics than the population. Which statement about systematic errors is FALSE? • a.)They arise from the design of the study. • b.)They can be eliminated by repeating observations or increasing the sample size. • c.)They arise due to errors in the measuring instruments used. • d.)They are reproducible inaccuracies that are consistently in the same direction. Which statement about systematic errors is TRUE? • a.)They can occur when a selection bias is present. • b.)They can be corrected by using a larger sample size. • c.)They can be challenging to notice. • d.)They can be eliminated if observations are repeated. 6. After all of the surveys have been compiled and analyzed, the calculated level of satisfaction for “handset selection” for a sample was 6.5 ± 0.3. Select the true statement for this scenario. • a.)The estimate is equal to 6.5 and the confidence interval is equal to ± 0.3. • b.)The margin of error is equal to 6.5 and the estimate is equal to ± 0.3. • c.)The estimate is equal to 6.5 and the margin of error is equal to ± 0.3. • d.)The margin of error is equal to ± 0.3 and the confidence interval is equal to 6.5. After all of the surveys have been compiled and analyzed, the calculated level of satisfaction for “overall quality” for a sample was 6.2 ± 0.5. Select the true statement regarding the margin of error of this scenario. • a.)The margin of error is the total number of subjects in the sample and is equal to 6.2. • b.)The margin of error is the mean value obtained from the sample and is equal to 6.2. • c.)The margin of error is the range of potential values that the true value could be and is equal to 6.2 ± 0.5. • d.)The margin of error is the amount by which the sample mean is different from the true mean and is equal to ± 0.5. After all of the surveys have been compiled and analyzed, the calculated level of satisfaction for “customer service” for a sample was 7.2 ± 0.9. Select the true statement regarding the confidence interval of this scenario. • a.)The confidence interval is the mean value obtained from the sample and is equal to 7.2. • b.)The confidence interval is the total number of subjects in the sample and is equal to 7.2. • c.)The confidence interval is the amount by which the sample mean is different from the true mean and is equal to ± 0.9. • d.)The confidence interval is the range of potential values that the true value could be and is equal to 7.2 ± 0.9.