NGR 6141 ADVANCED PATHO - EXAM 2 OBJECTIVES
1a. How does the skin protect us against antigens in the environment?
1b. What kinds of cells play a role in this process? - Answer -- It is the first line of
defense, regulates body temp, immune response
- provides a protective barrier between the host and the outside environment, and the
linings of the internal body organs help absorb substances into the body, excrete waste
products, and secrete substances into body cavities.
- this tissue covers most internal and external surfaces of the body.
- The functions include protection, absorption, secretion, and excretion
- provide biochemical barriers by synthesizing and secreting substances meant to trap
of destroy microorganisms. i.e. Mucus, earwax, goblet cells, saliva, tears.
1c. What kinds of epidermal cells play a role in the protecting us from antigens? -
Answer -- Keratinocytes - produce keratin (scleroprotein - protection from stress)
- Melanocyte - produces melanin, shields UV radiation, determines skin color
- Langerhans Cells - migrate from bone marrow, initiates immune response with
dendrites
- Merkel Cells - "touch receptors" slowly adapting mechanoreceptors
1d. What kinds of dermal cells play a role in the protecting us from antigens? - Answer -
- Fibroblasts - generate connective tissue, for wound healing
- Mast Cells - release histamine, hypersensitivity and immune FX
- Magrophanges - Phagocytotic, partial role in immune response, wound healing
- Histocytes - in loose connective tissue, Machrophange, phagocytes pigments and
debris of inflammation
1e. Other types of 'skin' cells that protect us from antigens? - Answer -- Nails:
protective keratinized plates
- Sebaceous Glands: secrete sebum, oils skin/hair, prevents drying
- Eccrine Sweat Glands: thermoregulate/ cool the body, evaporation
2. In allergic contact dermatitis, how does the body recognize the antigen? Think about
how the immune response and the cells involved. - Answer -- Allergan comes into
contact with the skin bound to a carrier protein, forming a hapten-specific sensitizing
antigen
- Langerhans cells process antigen and carry it to T-Cells
- T-Cells become sensitized to antigen, releasing cytokines and chemokine leading to
leukocyte infiltration and inflammation
3. What is Tinea Corpis? - Answer -- A condition known as RINGWORM that is a fungal
infection of the skin caused by Trichophyton or mircosporum, classified according to the
location.
, results in a circular, clearly circumscribed, mildly erythematous (pink to red) scaly
patches with a slightly elevated "ring-like" boarder, rash and itching or areas no covered
by hair
- Commonly found on scalp, feet, face, hands and groin
Source: kittens, puppies, lesion to lesion contact
4. What are signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis? - Answer -- A chronic hereditary
skin disease characterized by intense itching inflamed skin which causes redness
swelling cracking crusting and scaling. Aka Atopic Eczema. Severe Puritis
- Lichenification - thickening of the epidermis from constant itching and scar tissue
formation
5. Where do these cancers originate: (chap 12 p367)
a) Osteogenic sarcoma -
b) Basal cell carcinoma -
c) Multiple myeloma -
d) Adenocarcinoma - - Answer -a) Malignant bone forming tumor, most often in bone
marrow.
b) CA from epithelial cells, surface, tumor of skin
c) CA from Mesenchymal origin, Granular leukocytes and precursors, slow proliferation
of malignant cells, located in bone marrow
d) CA from Glandular or ductal epithelium, tumor from from epithelial cells with a
glandular patterns, effects ducts and glands
6. What is meant by tumor cell markers? (Mod 8a - p372) - Answer -- biochemical
markers that are sensitive to specific types of tumors and are used to screen,
diagnosed, assess the prognosis and treatment, and monitor reoccurrences.
found in the blood, CSF and urine.
- produced by benign or malignant tumors
- include hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens, antibodies
example: Liver and Germ cell tumors - secrete alpha fetoprotein into blood; Prostate
Tumors secrete PSA into blood stream
7. Describe apoptosis: (chap 2 p 92) - Answer -- Active processes by which cells self-
destruct in normal and pathological tissues.
This self-destruct mechanism, is triggered by diverse stimuli, including normal
development and excessive growth (see Chapter 2).
1a. How does the skin protect us against antigens in the environment?
1b. What kinds of cells play a role in this process? - Answer -- It is the first line of
defense, regulates body temp, immune response
- provides a protective barrier between the host and the outside environment, and the
linings of the internal body organs help absorb substances into the body, excrete waste
products, and secrete substances into body cavities.
- this tissue covers most internal and external surfaces of the body.
- The functions include protection, absorption, secretion, and excretion
- provide biochemical barriers by synthesizing and secreting substances meant to trap
of destroy microorganisms. i.e. Mucus, earwax, goblet cells, saliva, tears.
1c. What kinds of epidermal cells play a role in the protecting us from antigens? -
Answer -- Keratinocytes - produce keratin (scleroprotein - protection from stress)
- Melanocyte - produces melanin, shields UV radiation, determines skin color
- Langerhans Cells - migrate from bone marrow, initiates immune response with
dendrites
- Merkel Cells - "touch receptors" slowly adapting mechanoreceptors
1d. What kinds of dermal cells play a role in the protecting us from antigens? - Answer -
- Fibroblasts - generate connective tissue, for wound healing
- Mast Cells - release histamine, hypersensitivity and immune FX
- Magrophanges - Phagocytotic, partial role in immune response, wound healing
- Histocytes - in loose connective tissue, Machrophange, phagocytes pigments and
debris of inflammation
1e. Other types of 'skin' cells that protect us from antigens? - Answer -- Nails:
protective keratinized plates
- Sebaceous Glands: secrete sebum, oils skin/hair, prevents drying
- Eccrine Sweat Glands: thermoregulate/ cool the body, evaporation
2. In allergic contact dermatitis, how does the body recognize the antigen? Think about
how the immune response and the cells involved. - Answer -- Allergan comes into
contact with the skin bound to a carrier protein, forming a hapten-specific sensitizing
antigen
- Langerhans cells process antigen and carry it to T-Cells
- T-Cells become sensitized to antigen, releasing cytokines and chemokine leading to
leukocyte infiltration and inflammation
3. What is Tinea Corpis? - Answer -- A condition known as RINGWORM that is a fungal
infection of the skin caused by Trichophyton or mircosporum, classified according to the
location.
, results in a circular, clearly circumscribed, mildly erythematous (pink to red) scaly
patches with a slightly elevated "ring-like" boarder, rash and itching or areas no covered
by hair
- Commonly found on scalp, feet, face, hands and groin
Source: kittens, puppies, lesion to lesion contact
4. What are signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis? - Answer -- A chronic hereditary
skin disease characterized by intense itching inflamed skin which causes redness
swelling cracking crusting and scaling. Aka Atopic Eczema. Severe Puritis
- Lichenification - thickening of the epidermis from constant itching and scar tissue
formation
5. Where do these cancers originate: (chap 12 p367)
a) Osteogenic sarcoma -
b) Basal cell carcinoma -
c) Multiple myeloma -
d) Adenocarcinoma - - Answer -a) Malignant bone forming tumor, most often in bone
marrow.
b) CA from epithelial cells, surface, tumor of skin
c) CA from Mesenchymal origin, Granular leukocytes and precursors, slow proliferation
of malignant cells, located in bone marrow
d) CA from Glandular or ductal epithelium, tumor from from epithelial cells with a
glandular patterns, effects ducts and glands
6. What is meant by tumor cell markers? (Mod 8a - p372) - Answer -- biochemical
markers that are sensitive to specific types of tumors and are used to screen,
diagnosed, assess the prognosis and treatment, and monitor reoccurrences.
found in the blood, CSF and urine.
- produced by benign or malignant tumors
- include hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens, antibodies
example: Liver and Germ cell tumors - secrete alpha fetoprotein into blood; Prostate
Tumors secrete PSA into blood stream
7. Describe apoptosis: (chap 2 p 92) - Answer -- Active processes by which cells self-
destruct in normal and pathological tissues.
This self-destruct mechanism, is triggered by diverse stimuli, including normal
development and excessive growth (see Chapter 2).
