UT TYLER FNP NURS 5350 ADV PATHO/NUR6203 EXAM 1 LATEST UPDATE WITH ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.

1. What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ ATPase)? a) To generate ATP for cellular energy b) To maintain a high intracellular sodium concentration and high extracellular potassium concentration c) To maintain a high intracellular potassium concentration and high extracellular sodium concentration d) To facilitate the diffusion of sodium and potassium down their concentration gradients ANSWER: c) To maintain a high intracellular potassium concentration and high extracellular sodium concentration 2. Which of the following is a characteristic of metaplasia? a) A reversible change where one differentiated cell type is replaced by another b) A decrease in the size of cells and organs c) An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ d) Disordered cellular growth and maturation ANSWER: a) A reversible change where one differentiated cell type is replaced by another 3. The movement of water from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration is known as: a) Diffusion b) Osmosis c) Active transport d) Filtration ANSWER: b) Osmosis 4. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size? a) Hyperplasia b) Hypertrophy c) Atrophy d) Dysplasia ANSWER: b) Hypertrophy 5. A patient with chronic bronchitis who has transformed ciliated columnar epithelium into stratified squamous epithelium in the airways is experiencing: a) Dysplasia b) Hyperplasia c) Metaplasia d) Anaplasia ANSWER: c) Metaplasia 6. What is the primary cause of cellular swelling, a hallmark of reversible cell injury? a) Influx of calcium b) Depletion of ATP, leading to failure of the sodium-potassium pump c) Ribosomal detachment d) Uncontrolled apoptosis ANSWER: b) Depletion of ATP, leading to failure of the sodium-potassium pump 7. Coagulative necrosis is most commonly associated with ischemia in which organ? a) Brain b) Heart c) Liver d) Lungs ANSWER: b) Heart 8. Liquefactive necrosis is characteristically found in: a) Myocardial infarcts b) Gangrenous limbs c) Bacterial infections in the brain d) Tuberculous lymph nodes ANSWER: c) Bacterial infections in the brain 9. Caseous necrosis is a hallmark of which disease process? a) Pulmonary embolism b) Tuberculosis c) Acute pancreatitis d) Myocardial infarction ANSWER: b) Tuberculosis 10. Apoptosis is best described as: a) Unregulated cell death leading to inflammation b) Programmed, energy-dependent cell death c) Cellular death due to hypoxia d) Accidental cell death from trauma ANSWER: b) Programmed, energy-dependent cell death 11. The accumulation of lipids within parenchymal cells is known as: a) Steatosis b) Anthracosis c) Calcification d) Glycogen storage ANSWER: a) Steatosis 12. Which of the following is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) that contributes to oxidative cell damage? a) Superoxide anion (O2•−) b) Carbon dioxide (CO2) c) Bicarbonate (HCO3-) d) Glucose ANSWER: a) Superoxide anion (O2•−) 13. The body's primary endogenous antioxidant enzyme is: a) Amylase b) Superoxide dismutase (SOD) c) Lipase d) Pepsin ANSWER: b) Superoxide dismutase (SOD) 14. Dystrophic calcification occurs in: a) Normal serum calcium levels, but in damaged tissues b) Hypercalcemic states, in normal tissues c) Hypocalcemic states d) All of the above ANSWER: a) Normal serum calcium levels, but in damaged tissues 15. What is the primary cellular location where the majority of ATP is produced? a) Nucleus b) Ribosome c) Mitochondria d) Golgi apparatus ANSWER: c) Mitochondria 16. During anaerobic metabolism, pyruvate is converted to: a) Acetyl CoA b) Lactic acid c) Citric acid d) Glucose ANSWER: b) Lactic acid