NST 10 MIDTERM 2 UPDATED
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Amino Acids - CORRECT ANSWER - building blocks of protein
-contains a central carbon atom bound to a hydrogen atom, amino group, acid group, and side
chain
Essential Amino Acids - CORRECT ANSWER - -can't be synthesized by the human body
in sufficient amounts to meet needs
-must be included in the diet
Glucogenic Amino Acids - CORRECT ANSWER - -type of amino acids that may be
converted to glucose if necessary
Ketogenic - CORRECT ANSWER - -Amino acid that produces ketone bodies following
chemical alteration of its carbon skeleton
Nonessential Amino Acids - CORRECT ANSWER - Group of amino acids that can be
synthesized by the organism and are not required in the diet
Complex Proteins - CORRECT ANSWER - Form from primary sequences of amino acids
Peptide Bonds - CORRECT ANSWER - -Chemical bonds that link amino acids together
-Formed between the acid group of one amino acid and the nitrogen group of the next amino acid
Dipeptide Bonds - CORRECT ANSWER - Formed between two amino acids
Polypeptides - CORRECT ANSWER - Formed between many amino acids
One of more of these folded into a 3-D shape is a protein
,Protein Shape - CORRECT ANSWER - -Determines function of a protein
-Connective tissue proteins and collagen are elongated
-If altered, function may be disrupted
Hemoglobin - CORRECT ANSWER - -Has a spherical shape
-Made of four polypeptide chains (quaternary structure)
-If non polypeptide shape-> sickle-shape
Protein Digestion in the Stomach - CORRECT ANSWER - -Protein is partially digested
by the enzyme pepsin and hydrochloric acid
Protein Digestion in the Pancreas - CORRECT ANSWER - -Further protein digestion by
enzymes released by the pancreas into the small intestine
Protein Digestion in the Small Intestine - CORRECT ANSWER - -Final digestion of
protein to amino acids occurs in the small intestine
Protein Digestion in the Liver - CORRECT ANSWER - -Amino acids are absorbed into
the portal vein and transported to the liver
-Enter the general bloodstream
Protein Digestion in the Large Intestine - CORRECT ANSWER - -Little dietary protein is
present in feces
Trypsin - CORRECT ANSWER - -Found in the pancreas
-Breaks proteins and polypeptides into shorter polypeptides
, Digestion and Absorption of Proteins - CORRECT ANSWER - -Polypeptide chain is
broken down into amino acids
-Amino acids are absorbed into the epithelial cell
-Then it goes to the capillary blood
Amino Acid Pool - CORRECT ANSWER - -Accumulation of amino acids in the liver and
blood that adjusts to meet the body's need for protein and amino acids
-Goes towards energy production, synthesis of glucose or fatty acids, synthesis of nonprotein
molecules that contain nitrogen
Goes into Amino Acid Pools - CORRECT ANSWER - -Body Proteins
-Carbs and Fat
-Dietary proteins and amino acids
Goes out of Amino Acid Pools - CORRECT ANSWER - -Body proteins -> excretion as
sloughed hair, skin, etc.
-Urinary excretion
-Nitrogen-containing derivatives of amino acids, nucleotides, hormones, creatine, etc.
-Carbs and fat
Transamination - CORRECT ANSWER - When a nonessential amino acid is not available
from the diet and is made in the body
Deamination - CORRECT ANSWER - -Removes amino group
-Some produce 3-carbon molecules that can be used to synthesize glucose
-Some produce 2-carbon molecules that form acetyl-CoA that can enter the citric acid cycle and
synthesize fatty acids
-high energy electrons from the breakdown of amino acids are transferred to electron transport
chain where energy is trapped and used to produce ATP and water
-Produces ammonia and a keto acid
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Amino Acids - CORRECT ANSWER - building blocks of protein
-contains a central carbon atom bound to a hydrogen atom, amino group, acid group, and side
chain
Essential Amino Acids - CORRECT ANSWER - -can't be synthesized by the human body
in sufficient amounts to meet needs
-must be included in the diet
Glucogenic Amino Acids - CORRECT ANSWER - -type of amino acids that may be
converted to glucose if necessary
Ketogenic - CORRECT ANSWER - -Amino acid that produces ketone bodies following
chemical alteration of its carbon skeleton
Nonessential Amino Acids - CORRECT ANSWER - Group of amino acids that can be
synthesized by the organism and are not required in the diet
Complex Proteins - CORRECT ANSWER - Form from primary sequences of amino acids
Peptide Bonds - CORRECT ANSWER - -Chemical bonds that link amino acids together
-Formed between the acid group of one amino acid and the nitrogen group of the next amino acid
Dipeptide Bonds - CORRECT ANSWER - Formed between two amino acids
Polypeptides - CORRECT ANSWER - Formed between many amino acids
One of more of these folded into a 3-D shape is a protein
,Protein Shape - CORRECT ANSWER - -Determines function of a protein
-Connective tissue proteins and collagen are elongated
-If altered, function may be disrupted
Hemoglobin - CORRECT ANSWER - -Has a spherical shape
-Made of four polypeptide chains (quaternary structure)
-If non polypeptide shape-> sickle-shape
Protein Digestion in the Stomach - CORRECT ANSWER - -Protein is partially digested
by the enzyme pepsin and hydrochloric acid
Protein Digestion in the Pancreas - CORRECT ANSWER - -Further protein digestion by
enzymes released by the pancreas into the small intestine
Protein Digestion in the Small Intestine - CORRECT ANSWER - -Final digestion of
protein to amino acids occurs in the small intestine
Protein Digestion in the Liver - CORRECT ANSWER - -Amino acids are absorbed into
the portal vein and transported to the liver
-Enter the general bloodstream
Protein Digestion in the Large Intestine - CORRECT ANSWER - -Little dietary protein is
present in feces
Trypsin - CORRECT ANSWER - -Found in the pancreas
-Breaks proteins and polypeptides into shorter polypeptides
, Digestion and Absorption of Proteins - CORRECT ANSWER - -Polypeptide chain is
broken down into amino acids
-Amino acids are absorbed into the epithelial cell
-Then it goes to the capillary blood
Amino Acid Pool - CORRECT ANSWER - -Accumulation of amino acids in the liver and
blood that adjusts to meet the body's need for protein and amino acids
-Goes towards energy production, synthesis of glucose or fatty acids, synthesis of nonprotein
molecules that contain nitrogen
Goes into Amino Acid Pools - CORRECT ANSWER - -Body Proteins
-Carbs and Fat
-Dietary proteins and amino acids
Goes out of Amino Acid Pools - CORRECT ANSWER - -Body proteins -> excretion as
sloughed hair, skin, etc.
-Urinary excretion
-Nitrogen-containing derivatives of amino acids, nucleotides, hormones, creatine, etc.
-Carbs and fat
Transamination - CORRECT ANSWER - When a nonessential amino acid is not available
from the diet and is made in the body
Deamination - CORRECT ANSWER - -Removes amino group
-Some produce 3-carbon molecules that can be used to synthesize glucose
-Some produce 2-carbon molecules that form acetyl-CoA that can enter the citric acid cycle and
synthesize fatty acids
-high energy electrons from the breakdown of amino acids are transferred to electron transport
chain where energy is trapped and used to produce ATP and water
-Produces ammonia and a keto acid
