NST 10 MIDTERM 2 UPDATED ACTUAL
Questions and CORRECT Answers
body composition - CORRECT ANSWER - 50% water (adults)
cell composition - CORRECT ANSWER - 20% protein
Kcal protein in our bodies - CORRECT ANSWER - 24,000 Kcal
how much carb storage is there in our bodies - CORRECT ANSWER - very little (300
Kcal liver, 1200Kcal muscle)
most of our energy comes from - CORRECT ANSWER - fat in our body - 135,000 Kcal
where are most of our energy stores - CORRECT ANSWER - triglycerides in adipose
tissue
normal protein loss - CORRECT ANSWER - 100g protein intake and 16g N loss
nitrogen balance - CORRECT ANSWER - losses of nitrogen from body must equal intake
fasting for 30 days - CORRECT ANSWER - 3Kg protein lost -> 500g lean tissue lost -> 1
pound of muscle lost everyday -> 15Kg/30lbs of lean tissue lost
when starving what does protein loss reduce to - CORRECT ANSWER - 20g protein and
3g Nitrogen
100g on lean tissue are lost per day instead of 500g
,how much loss of lean body mass is lethal - CORRECT ANSWER - 40-50% or loss of
more than 15Kg (30lbs)
how long can we starve and stay alive - CORRECT ANSWER - 60-90 days if hydration
and electrolytes are maintained
phase 1 metabolic response to fasting - CORRECT ANSWER - glycogen depletion; high
rate of nitrogen loss (regular) - 1st few days
burning carbs (glucose)
phase 2 metabolic response to fasting - CORRECT ANSWER - fatty acid oxidation,
ketosis, reduced nitrogen and tissue losses - 7 days
fatty acids go to the liver and in your blood converted to ketones
breaking down proteins for energy instead
phase 3 metabolic response to fasting - CORRECT ANSWER - brain keto-adaptation,
greatly reduced nitrogen tissues losses
brain can only run on glucose: CAN'T anymore has to stop because no glucose intake
need to use gluconeogensis for amino acids to keep functioning because there is no glucose
intake -> liver makes glucose from protein/AA's
liver function in metabolic response - CORRECT ANSWER - glycogen depletion; reduced
glucose release in blood; lowers blood glucose & insulin levels; increased ketosis/fatty acid
oxidation; reduced gluconeogenesis from AA
makes ketones
pancreas function in metabolic response - CORRECT ANSWER - reduced insulin
secretion - no glucose = less insulin produced
adipose function in metabolic response - CORRECT ANSWER - increased fatty acid
release into blood
, muscle function in metabolic response - CORRECT ANSWER - reduced glucose
oxidation; increased fat oxidation; reduced protein breakdown + AA release
brain function in metabolic response - CORRECT ANSWER - can use ketones, reduced
glucose oxidation, reduced AA use from protein for gluconeogenesis
kidney function in metabolic response - CORRECT ANSWER - conserves ketones
endocrine organs - CORRECT ANSWER - multiple adaptations
why do we lose nitrogen - CORRECT ANSWER - not sure
hormonal consequences of starvation - CORRECT ANSWER - growth axis, reproductive
system, thyroid axis, insulin sensitivity, leptin secretion
growth axis - CORRECT ANSWER - growth factor - consequences of height
growth hormone: secreted by pituitary gland and goes to liver to make IGF-1 after carbs -> IGF-
1 signals liver to grow
starvation historically caused growth changes -> we are taller than grandparents because of
diseases (they had)
reproductive system - CORRECT ANSWER - health implications in modern world
(athletes, late periods, anorexia, breast cancer)
influence of nutrient intake/body composition on reproductive function
*need 17% body fat to have 1st period
*need 22% body fat as an adult to maintain periods
thyroid axis - CORRECT ANSWER - utility and downside in obesity
Questions and CORRECT Answers
body composition - CORRECT ANSWER - 50% water (adults)
cell composition - CORRECT ANSWER - 20% protein
Kcal protein in our bodies - CORRECT ANSWER - 24,000 Kcal
how much carb storage is there in our bodies - CORRECT ANSWER - very little (300
Kcal liver, 1200Kcal muscle)
most of our energy comes from - CORRECT ANSWER - fat in our body - 135,000 Kcal
where are most of our energy stores - CORRECT ANSWER - triglycerides in adipose
tissue
normal protein loss - CORRECT ANSWER - 100g protein intake and 16g N loss
nitrogen balance - CORRECT ANSWER - losses of nitrogen from body must equal intake
fasting for 30 days - CORRECT ANSWER - 3Kg protein lost -> 500g lean tissue lost -> 1
pound of muscle lost everyday -> 15Kg/30lbs of lean tissue lost
when starving what does protein loss reduce to - CORRECT ANSWER - 20g protein and
3g Nitrogen
100g on lean tissue are lost per day instead of 500g
,how much loss of lean body mass is lethal - CORRECT ANSWER - 40-50% or loss of
more than 15Kg (30lbs)
how long can we starve and stay alive - CORRECT ANSWER - 60-90 days if hydration
and electrolytes are maintained
phase 1 metabolic response to fasting - CORRECT ANSWER - glycogen depletion; high
rate of nitrogen loss (regular) - 1st few days
burning carbs (glucose)
phase 2 metabolic response to fasting - CORRECT ANSWER - fatty acid oxidation,
ketosis, reduced nitrogen and tissue losses - 7 days
fatty acids go to the liver and in your blood converted to ketones
breaking down proteins for energy instead
phase 3 metabolic response to fasting - CORRECT ANSWER - brain keto-adaptation,
greatly reduced nitrogen tissues losses
brain can only run on glucose: CAN'T anymore has to stop because no glucose intake
need to use gluconeogensis for amino acids to keep functioning because there is no glucose
intake -> liver makes glucose from protein/AA's
liver function in metabolic response - CORRECT ANSWER - glycogen depletion; reduced
glucose release in blood; lowers blood glucose & insulin levels; increased ketosis/fatty acid
oxidation; reduced gluconeogenesis from AA
makes ketones
pancreas function in metabolic response - CORRECT ANSWER - reduced insulin
secretion - no glucose = less insulin produced
adipose function in metabolic response - CORRECT ANSWER - increased fatty acid
release into blood
, muscle function in metabolic response - CORRECT ANSWER - reduced glucose
oxidation; increased fat oxidation; reduced protein breakdown + AA release
brain function in metabolic response - CORRECT ANSWER - can use ketones, reduced
glucose oxidation, reduced AA use from protein for gluconeogenesis
kidney function in metabolic response - CORRECT ANSWER - conserves ketones
endocrine organs - CORRECT ANSWER - multiple adaptations
why do we lose nitrogen - CORRECT ANSWER - not sure
hormonal consequences of starvation - CORRECT ANSWER - growth axis, reproductive
system, thyroid axis, insulin sensitivity, leptin secretion
growth axis - CORRECT ANSWER - growth factor - consequences of height
growth hormone: secreted by pituitary gland and goes to liver to make IGF-1 after carbs -> IGF-
1 signals liver to grow
starvation historically caused growth changes -> we are taller than grandparents because of
diseases (they had)
reproductive system - CORRECT ANSWER - health implications in modern world
(athletes, late periods, anorexia, breast cancer)
influence of nutrient intake/body composition on reproductive function
*need 17% body fat to have 1st period
*need 22% body fat as an adult to maintain periods
thyroid axis - CORRECT ANSWER - utility and downside in obesity
