MSN 377 Exam 1 Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025
body --> IVC/SVC --> RA --> Tricupsid valve --> RV --> Pulmonary Arteries --> Lungs --> Pulmonary
Veins --> LA --> Bi/Mitral Valve --> LV --> Aortic Valve --> Aorta --> Body - Answers Blood flow of
the heart
55-65% - Answers normal ejection fraction
preload - Answers volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole (rest)
afterload - Answers The force or resistance against which the heart pumps.
anterior - Answers front of the body
posterior - Answers back of body
lateral - Answers Away from the midline of the body; to the side
medial - Answers Toward the midline of the body
proximal - Answers Nearer to the trunk of the body
distal - Answers Farther from the trunk of the body
chromotrope - Answers heart rate
dronotrope - Answers conduction rate (speed of electricity)
ionotrope - Answers contraction of heart (strength of heart)
CO (L/min) = SV (cc/beat; preload, contractility, and afterload) x HR - Answers How to calculate
CO
SA node --> Bachman's bundle --> AV node --> Bundle of His --> Right/Left Bundle Branch -->
Purkinje fibers - Answers Conduction pathway of the heart
4-8 L/min - Answers Normal Cardiac Output
VS, inspection, palpitation, auscultation (Heart sounds-S3 and S4, murmurs, bruits, friction rubs),
observation (how does the patient look?) - Answers What should be included in the CV Physical
Assessment?
baroreceptors - Answers detect changes in blood pressure by sensing the MAP; a low MAP can
trigger ADH and RAAS
chemoreceptors - Answers senses and responds to chemicals within the body such as O2,
blood pH, CO2)
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) - Answers Produced by Posterior lobe of Pituitary Gland. Targets
, kidneys for water conservation by turning on the SNS to increase the HR
RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) - Answers Renin is released by kidneys in
response to decreased blood volume; causes angiotensinogen to split & produce angiotensin I;
lungs convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II; angiotensin II stimulates adrenal gland to release
aldosterone & causes an increase in peripheral vasoconstriction
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) - Answers Atrium secretes this to shut off the RAAS system
BNP - Answers Works harder than ANP; the ventricles secrete this to shut down the RAAS
system. This is the unit of measure that will be utilized with HF
goes to the adrenal glands to produce aldosterone (hold Na2+ and H2O), goes to pituitary to
release ADH (hold onto H2O), potent vasoconstrictor, remodels heart (LV hypertrophy) -
Answers 4 functions of angiotensin II
aortic area - Answers the right second intercostal space, just lateral to the sternum
pulmonary area - Answers the left second intercostal space, just lateral to the sternum
tricupsid area - Answers inferior left sternal margin
mitral area - Answers 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line. This is where the apex beat is
hypertensive crisis - Answers BP >180 and/or >120
hypertensive urgency - Answers BP is very high but no evidence of immediate or progressive
target organ damage
hypertensive emergency - Answers BP >180/120 and must be lowered immediately to prevent
damage to target organs. There is evidence of end-organ damage
Cardiac Output (cardiac-heart rate, contractility, conductivity;Renal fluid volume-RAAS, NPs),
systemic vascular resistance (SNS system w/ vasoconstriction vs vasodilation, neurohormonal
with vasoconstrictors- angiotensin or norepinephrine, local regulation-prostaglandins/nitric
oxide, endothelin) - Answers Factors influencing Blood Pressure
eyes (arteriovenous nicking, narrowing of retinal arterioles, hemorrhages, double/cloudy vision,
HA), kidney (microalbuminuria, proteinuria, serum creatinine >1.5), brain (stroke, TIAs), Heart
(CAD, HF, LV hypertrophy), abdominal (aneurysm, aortic dissection), penis (erectile dysfunction),
peripheral vascular (intermittent claudication, faint or absent peripheral pulses) - Answers
Common Complications of HTN
weight reduction, DASH diet, dietary sodium restriction, moderate alcohol consumption, physical
activity, avoidance of tobacco products, management of psychosocial risk factors - Answers
Lifestyle modifications for HTN
body --> IVC/SVC --> RA --> Tricupsid valve --> RV --> Pulmonary Arteries --> Lungs --> Pulmonary
Veins --> LA --> Bi/Mitral Valve --> LV --> Aortic Valve --> Aorta --> Body - Answers Blood flow of
the heart
55-65% - Answers normal ejection fraction
preload - Answers volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole (rest)
afterload - Answers The force or resistance against which the heart pumps.
anterior - Answers front of the body
posterior - Answers back of body
lateral - Answers Away from the midline of the body; to the side
medial - Answers Toward the midline of the body
proximal - Answers Nearer to the trunk of the body
distal - Answers Farther from the trunk of the body
chromotrope - Answers heart rate
dronotrope - Answers conduction rate (speed of electricity)
ionotrope - Answers contraction of heart (strength of heart)
CO (L/min) = SV (cc/beat; preload, contractility, and afterload) x HR - Answers How to calculate
CO
SA node --> Bachman's bundle --> AV node --> Bundle of His --> Right/Left Bundle Branch -->
Purkinje fibers - Answers Conduction pathway of the heart
4-8 L/min - Answers Normal Cardiac Output
VS, inspection, palpitation, auscultation (Heart sounds-S3 and S4, murmurs, bruits, friction rubs),
observation (how does the patient look?) - Answers What should be included in the CV Physical
Assessment?
baroreceptors - Answers detect changes in blood pressure by sensing the MAP; a low MAP can
trigger ADH and RAAS
chemoreceptors - Answers senses and responds to chemicals within the body such as O2,
blood pH, CO2)
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) - Answers Produced by Posterior lobe of Pituitary Gland. Targets
, kidneys for water conservation by turning on the SNS to increase the HR
RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) - Answers Renin is released by kidneys in
response to decreased blood volume; causes angiotensinogen to split & produce angiotensin I;
lungs convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II; angiotensin II stimulates adrenal gland to release
aldosterone & causes an increase in peripheral vasoconstriction
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) - Answers Atrium secretes this to shut off the RAAS system
BNP - Answers Works harder than ANP; the ventricles secrete this to shut down the RAAS
system. This is the unit of measure that will be utilized with HF
goes to the adrenal glands to produce aldosterone (hold Na2+ and H2O), goes to pituitary to
release ADH (hold onto H2O), potent vasoconstrictor, remodels heart (LV hypertrophy) -
Answers 4 functions of angiotensin II
aortic area - Answers the right second intercostal space, just lateral to the sternum
pulmonary area - Answers the left second intercostal space, just lateral to the sternum
tricupsid area - Answers inferior left sternal margin
mitral area - Answers 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line. This is where the apex beat is
hypertensive crisis - Answers BP >180 and/or >120
hypertensive urgency - Answers BP is very high but no evidence of immediate or progressive
target organ damage
hypertensive emergency - Answers BP >180/120 and must be lowered immediately to prevent
damage to target organs. There is evidence of end-organ damage
Cardiac Output (cardiac-heart rate, contractility, conductivity;Renal fluid volume-RAAS, NPs),
systemic vascular resistance (SNS system w/ vasoconstriction vs vasodilation, neurohormonal
with vasoconstrictors- angiotensin or norepinephrine, local regulation-prostaglandins/nitric
oxide, endothelin) - Answers Factors influencing Blood Pressure
eyes (arteriovenous nicking, narrowing of retinal arterioles, hemorrhages, double/cloudy vision,
HA), kidney (microalbuminuria, proteinuria, serum creatinine >1.5), brain (stroke, TIAs), Heart
(CAD, HF, LV hypertrophy), abdominal (aneurysm, aortic dissection), penis (erectile dysfunction),
peripheral vascular (intermittent claudication, faint or absent peripheral pulses) - Answers
Common Complications of HTN
weight reduction, DASH diet, dietary sodium restriction, moderate alcohol consumption, physical
activity, avoidance of tobacco products, management of psychosocial risk factors - Answers
Lifestyle modifications for HTN
