Epigenetics 9/19
1. epigenetics: any factor that can affect gene function without a change in the genotype
2. duration of epigenetic factors: -can be dynamic, transient, and capable of responding quickly
-can be long lasting and capable of being transmitted through multiple cell divisions or even to subsequent generations
3. DNA sequence + epigenetic marks: gene expression at righ time, in the right place, and in the right
amounts
4. mechanisms of epigenetic control: DNA methylation
histone modification
interactions with non coding RNAs
5. where does DNA methylation usually occur: on C of CpG dinucleotides
modification of cytosine by methylation of the carbon at the fifth position on the pyrimidine ring
6. what does DNA methylation do: inhibits gene expression by recruitment of specific methyl-CpG
binding proteins that recruit chromatin modifying enzymes to silence transcription
7. what is 5-methylcytosine: a stable epigenetic mark that can be transmitted through cell division
1/4
, 8. nucleosome: typically 8 histones wrapped in DNA
9. what is histone modification: tails can be modified by addition or removal of chemical groups
10. types of histone modifications: methylation = represses transcription
acetylation = promotes transcription
phosphorylation
11. how does histone modification influence gene expression: affecting chromatin com-
paction or accessibility
signaling protein complexes that activate or silence gene expression
12. genome arrangement in the nucleus: domains exhibit coordinated interactions within and
between chromosomes; loops of chromatin position and orient genes precisely to expose or block transcription or
regulatory factors
13. ncRNA: functional molecule that is not translated into a protein
14. types of ncRNA involved in translation: tRNA, rRNA, snoRNA, snRNA
15. types of ncRNA involved in gene expression regulation: microRNA
2/4
1. epigenetics: any factor that can affect gene function without a change in the genotype
2. duration of epigenetic factors: -can be dynamic, transient, and capable of responding quickly
-can be long lasting and capable of being transmitted through multiple cell divisions or even to subsequent generations
3. DNA sequence + epigenetic marks: gene expression at righ time, in the right place, and in the right
amounts
4. mechanisms of epigenetic control: DNA methylation
histone modification
interactions with non coding RNAs
5. where does DNA methylation usually occur: on C of CpG dinucleotides
modification of cytosine by methylation of the carbon at the fifth position on the pyrimidine ring
6. what does DNA methylation do: inhibits gene expression by recruitment of specific methyl-CpG
binding proteins that recruit chromatin modifying enzymes to silence transcription
7. what is 5-methylcytosine: a stable epigenetic mark that can be transmitted through cell division
1/4
, 8. nucleosome: typically 8 histones wrapped in DNA
9. what is histone modification: tails can be modified by addition or removal of chemical groups
10. types of histone modifications: methylation = represses transcription
acetylation = promotes transcription
phosphorylation
11. how does histone modification influence gene expression: affecting chromatin com-
paction or accessibility
signaling protein complexes that activate or silence gene expression
12. genome arrangement in the nucleus: domains exhibit coordinated interactions within and
between chromosomes; loops of chromatin position and orient genes precisely to expose or block transcription or
regulatory factors
13. ncRNA: functional molecule that is not translated into a protein
14. types of ncRNA involved in translation: tRNA, rRNA, snoRNA, snRNA
15. types of ncRNA involved in gene expression regulation: microRNA
2/4
