Test Bank
Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology:
Essentials for Clinical Practice, 1st Edition
(Tkacs, 2025/2026), Chapter 1-17 | All
Chapters
What is the most abundant class of plasma protein?
a. Globulin
b. Albumin
c. Clotting factors
d. Complement proteins - ANSWER ANS: B
Albumin (approximately 60% of total plasma protein at a concentration of about 4
g/dl) is the most abundant plasma protein.
What is the effect of low plasma albumin?
a. Clotting factors decrease, thus increasing the chance of prolonged bleeding.
b. Fewer immunoglobulins are synthesized, thus impairing the immune function.
c. Less iron is stored, thus increasing the incidence of iron deficiency anemia.
d. Osmotic pressure decreases, thus water moves from the capillaries to the
interstitium. - ANSWER ANS: D
In the case of decreased production (e.g., cirrhosis, other diffuse liver diseases,
protein
malnutrition) or excessive loss of albumin (e.g., certain kidney diseases, extensive
burns),
the reduced oncotic pressure leads to excessive movement of fluid and solutes into
the
tissues and decreased blood volume. The other options are not accurate
descriptions of the
effect of low plasma albumin.
What is the life span of an erythrocyte (in days)?
a. 20 to 30
b. 60 to 90
c. 100 to 120
d. 200 to 240 - ANSWER ANS: C
Because it cannot undergo mitotic division, the erythrocyte has a limited life span of
approximately 120 days.
,Which statement concerning erythrocytes is true?
a. Erythrocytes contain a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes.
b. Erythrocytes synthesize proteins.
c. Erythrocytes have the ability to change shape to squeeze through microcirculation.
d. Erythrocyte colony-stimulating factor (E-CSF) stimulates erythrocytes. - ANSWER
ANS: C
Reversible deformity enables the erythrocyte to assume a more compact torpedo-
like shape, squeeze through the microcirculation, and return to normal. The other
options are not accurate statements about erythrocytes.
Granulocytes that contain granules of vasoactive amines, such as histamine, are
called:
a. Neutrophils
b. Eosinophils
c. Monocytes
d. Basophils - ANSWER ANS: D
Basophils contain cytoplasmic granules that hold an abundant mixture of
biochemical mediators, including histamine, chemotactic factors, proteolytic
enzymes, and an anticoagulant (heparin) (see Figure 27-3, C). This is not an
accurate description of any of the other options.
Which of the following are formed elements of the blood that are not cells but are
disk-shaped cytoplasmic fragments essential for blood clotting?
a. Monocytes
b. Platelets
c. Macrophages
d. Erythrocytes - ANSWER ANS: B
Platelets (thrombocytes) are not true cells but are disk-shaped cytoplasmic
fragments that are essential for blood coagulation and control of bleeding. This
description is not accurate for any of the other options.
Blood cells that differentiate into macrophages are known as:
a. Monocytes
b. Neutrophils
c. Eosinophils
d. Basophils - ANSWER ANS: A
Only monocytes migrate into a variety of tissues and fully mature into tissue
macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells (see Table 27-3).
Without prior exposure to an antigen, which cells are able to destroy some types of
tumor cells and some virus-infected cells?
a. Lymphocytes
b. Plasma cells
c. Megakaryocytes
d. Natural killer (NK) cells - ANSWER ANS: D
, NK cells, which resemble large granular lymphocytes, kill some types of tumor cells
(in vitro) and some virus-infected cells without being induced by previous exposure
to these antigens. This capability is not true of the other options.
What is the life span of platelets (in days)?
a. 10
b. 30
c. 90
d. 120 - ANSWER ANS: A
A platelet circulates for approximately 10 days and ages. Macrophages of the
mononuclear phagocyte system, mostly in the spleen, remove platelets.
Fetal hematopoiesis occurs in which structure?
a. Gut
b. Spleen
c. Bone marrow
d. Thymus - ANSWER ANS: B
The spleen is the largest of the secondary lymphoid organs and the site of fetal
hematopoiesis
What is the consequence of a splenectomy?
a. The level of iron in circulation increases.
b.Antibody production increases to improve immune function.
c. The number of defective cells in circulation increases.
d. The number of clotting factors increases. - ANSWER ANS: C
Splenic absence from any cause (e.g., atrophy, traumatic injury, removal because of
disease) has several secondary effects on the body, among them an increase in
morphologically defective blood cells in the circulation, confirming the spleen's role in
removing old or damaged cells. This description of the consequence of a
splenectomy is not accurate for the other options.
During an infection, why do lymph nodes enlarge and become tender?
a. B lymphocytes proliferate.
b. The nodes are inflamed.
c. The nodes fill with purulent exudate.
d. The nodes are not properly functioning. - ANSWER ANS: A
The B lymphocyte proliferation in response to significant antigen (e.g., during
infection) may result in lymph node enlargement and tenderness (reactive lymph
node). This description is not accurate for the other options.
Which blood cells are the chief phagocytes involved in the early inflammation
process?
a. Neutrophils
b. Monocytes
c. Eosinophils
Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology:
Essentials for Clinical Practice, 1st Edition
(Tkacs, 2025/2026), Chapter 1-17 | All
Chapters
What is the most abundant class of plasma protein?
a. Globulin
b. Albumin
c. Clotting factors
d. Complement proteins - ANSWER ANS: B
Albumin (approximately 60% of total plasma protein at a concentration of about 4
g/dl) is the most abundant plasma protein.
What is the effect of low plasma albumin?
a. Clotting factors decrease, thus increasing the chance of prolonged bleeding.
b. Fewer immunoglobulins are synthesized, thus impairing the immune function.
c. Less iron is stored, thus increasing the incidence of iron deficiency anemia.
d. Osmotic pressure decreases, thus water moves from the capillaries to the
interstitium. - ANSWER ANS: D
In the case of decreased production (e.g., cirrhosis, other diffuse liver diseases,
protein
malnutrition) or excessive loss of albumin (e.g., certain kidney diseases, extensive
burns),
the reduced oncotic pressure leads to excessive movement of fluid and solutes into
the
tissues and decreased blood volume. The other options are not accurate
descriptions of the
effect of low plasma albumin.
What is the life span of an erythrocyte (in days)?
a. 20 to 30
b. 60 to 90
c. 100 to 120
d. 200 to 240 - ANSWER ANS: C
Because it cannot undergo mitotic division, the erythrocyte has a limited life span of
approximately 120 days.
,Which statement concerning erythrocytes is true?
a. Erythrocytes contain a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes.
b. Erythrocytes synthesize proteins.
c. Erythrocytes have the ability to change shape to squeeze through microcirculation.
d. Erythrocyte colony-stimulating factor (E-CSF) stimulates erythrocytes. - ANSWER
ANS: C
Reversible deformity enables the erythrocyte to assume a more compact torpedo-
like shape, squeeze through the microcirculation, and return to normal. The other
options are not accurate statements about erythrocytes.
Granulocytes that contain granules of vasoactive amines, such as histamine, are
called:
a. Neutrophils
b. Eosinophils
c. Monocytes
d. Basophils - ANSWER ANS: D
Basophils contain cytoplasmic granules that hold an abundant mixture of
biochemical mediators, including histamine, chemotactic factors, proteolytic
enzymes, and an anticoagulant (heparin) (see Figure 27-3, C). This is not an
accurate description of any of the other options.
Which of the following are formed elements of the blood that are not cells but are
disk-shaped cytoplasmic fragments essential for blood clotting?
a. Monocytes
b. Platelets
c. Macrophages
d. Erythrocytes - ANSWER ANS: B
Platelets (thrombocytes) are not true cells but are disk-shaped cytoplasmic
fragments that are essential for blood coagulation and control of bleeding. This
description is not accurate for any of the other options.
Blood cells that differentiate into macrophages are known as:
a. Monocytes
b. Neutrophils
c. Eosinophils
d. Basophils - ANSWER ANS: A
Only monocytes migrate into a variety of tissues and fully mature into tissue
macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells (see Table 27-3).
Without prior exposure to an antigen, which cells are able to destroy some types of
tumor cells and some virus-infected cells?
a. Lymphocytes
b. Plasma cells
c. Megakaryocytes
d. Natural killer (NK) cells - ANSWER ANS: D
, NK cells, which resemble large granular lymphocytes, kill some types of tumor cells
(in vitro) and some virus-infected cells without being induced by previous exposure
to these antigens. This capability is not true of the other options.
What is the life span of platelets (in days)?
a. 10
b. 30
c. 90
d. 120 - ANSWER ANS: A
A platelet circulates for approximately 10 days and ages. Macrophages of the
mononuclear phagocyte system, mostly in the spleen, remove platelets.
Fetal hematopoiesis occurs in which structure?
a. Gut
b. Spleen
c. Bone marrow
d. Thymus - ANSWER ANS: B
The spleen is the largest of the secondary lymphoid organs and the site of fetal
hematopoiesis
What is the consequence of a splenectomy?
a. The level of iron in circulation increases.
b.Antibody production increases to improve immune function.
c. The number of defective cells in circulation increases.
d. The number of clotting factors increases. - ANSWER ANS: C
Splenic absence from any cause (e.g., atrophy, traumatic injury, removal because of
disease) has several secondary effects on the body, among them an increase in
morphologically defective blood cells in the circulation, confirming the spleen's role in
removing old or damaged cells. This description of the consequence of a
splenectomy is not accurate for the other options.
During an infection, why do lymph nodes enlarge and become tender?
a. B lymphocytes proliferate.
b. The nodes are inflamed.
c. The nodes fill with purulent exudate.
d. The nodes are not properly functioning. - ANSWER ANS: A
The B lymphocyte proliferation in response to significant antigen (e.g., during
infection) may result in lymph node enlargement and tenderness (reactive lymph
node). This description is not accurate for the other options.
Which blood cells are the chief phagocytes involved in the early inflammation
process?
a. Neutrophils
b. Monocytes
c. Eosinophils
