ESTUDYR
NGR6141 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 UPDATED WITH
MOST TESTED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | ASSURED
SUCCESS WITH DETAILED RATIONALES
The most critical aspect in diagnosing seizure disorder is establishing its cause. Which is most
important?
A) Physical exam
B) Health history
C) EEG alone
D) CT scan
Rationale: A careful clinical history (including witness accounts of events, triggers, medications,
trauma, infection) is primary for seizure diagnosis.
Loss of comprehension of language is called:
A) Dysarthria
B) Aphasia
C) Agnosia
D) Alexia
Rationale: Aphasia refers to impaired language function; receptive aphasia affects
comprehension.
Carcinoma in situ is characterized by:
A) Metastatic spread to lymph nodes
B) Cells remain localized (confined to epithelium) without invasion of the basement
membrane
C) Distant organ invasion
D) Rapid necrosis of tumor center
Rationale: CIS is pre-invasive neoplasia confined to original epithelial layer.
What causes microvascular complications in diabetes mellitus?
A) Hyperinsulinemia only
B) Immune complex deposition
C) Thickening of capillary basement membranes and cellular hyperplasia
D) Vasculitis from infection
Rationale: Chronic hyperglycemia causes basement membrane thickening → microvascular
dysfunction.
Enkephalins and endorphins relieve pain by:
A) Increasing inflammation
, ESTUDYR
B) Blocking sodium channels peripherally
C) Binding to opiate (opioid) receptor sites in CNS and PNS
D) Destroying nociceptors
Rationale: Endogenous opioids modulate pain via opioid receptors.
Tumor cell marker tests are primarily used to:
A) Diagnose all cancers definitively
B) Cure cancer
C) Screen or monitor individuals at high risk or check treatment response (not sole diagnostic)
D) Replace biopsy
Rationale: Markers assist screening/monitoring but are not definitive diagnostic tools alone.
Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases are associated with defects in which brain area?
A) Hippocampus
B) Cerebellum
C) Basal ganglia
D) Brainstem nuclei
Rationale: Basal ganglia dysfunction underlies movement disorders like Parkinson’s and
Huntington’s.
A sudden, explosive, disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons is called:
A) Syncope
B) Seizure
C) Migraine
D) Stroke
Rationale: Seizures result from abnormal synchronous neuronal firing.
Chronic cervix infection by HPV can result in:
A) Carcinoma in liver
B) Cervical dysplasia (precancerous changes)
C) Acute pancreatitis
D) Osteomyelitis
Rationale: Persistent high-risk HPV causes cervical epithelial dysplasia and cancer.
Tumor cell markers are:
A) Always diagnostic of cancer
B) Substances produced by cancer cells (used for screening, prognosis, monitoring)
C) Only genetic markers
D) Antimicrobial peptides
NGR6141 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 UPDATED WITH
MOST TESTED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | ASSURED
SUCCESS WITH DETAILED RATIONALES
The most critical aspect in diagnosing seizure disorder is establishing its cause. Which is most
important?
A) Physical exam
B) Health history
C) EEG alone
D) CT scan
Rationale: A careful clinical history (including witness accounts of events, triggers, medications,
trauma, infection) is primary for seizure diagnosis.
Loss of comprehension of language is called:
A) Dysarthria
B) Aphasia
C) Agnosia
D) Alexia
Rationale: Aphasia refers to impaired language function; receptive aphasia affects
comprehension.
Carcinoma in situ is characterized by:
A) Metastatic spread to lymph nodes
B) Cells remain localized (confined to epithelium) without invasion of the basement
membrane
C) Distant organ invasion
D) Rapid necrosis of tumor center
Rationale: CIS is pre-invasive neoplasia confined to original epithelial layer.
What causes microvascular complications in diabetes mellitus?
A) Hyperinsulinemia only
B) Immune complex deposition
C) Thickening of capillary basement membranes and cellular hyperplasia
D) Vasculitis from infection
Rationale: Chronic hyperglycemia causes basement membrane thickening → microvascular
dysfunction.
Enkephalins and endorphins relieve pain by:
A) Increasing inflammation
, ESTUDYR
B) Blocking sodium channels peripherally
C) Binding to opiate (opioid) receptor sites in CNS and PNS
D) Destroying nociceptors
Rationale: Endogenous opioids modulate pain via opioid receptors.
Tumor cell marker tests are primarily used to:
A) Diagnose all cancers definitively
B) Cure cancer
C) Screen or monitor individuals at high risk or check treatment response (not sole diagnostic)
D) Replace biopsy
Rationale: Markers assist screening/monitoring but are not definitive diagnostic tools alone.
Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases are associated with defects in which brain area?
A) Hippocampus
B) Cerebellum
C) Basal ganglia
D) Brainstem nuclei
Rationale: Basal ganglia dysfunction underlies movement disorders like Parkinson’s and
Huntington’s.
A sudden, explosive, disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons is called:
A) Syncope
B) Seizure
C) Migraine
D) Stroke
Rationale: Seizures result from abnormal synchronous neuronal firing.
Chronic cervix infection by HPV can result in:
A) Carcinoma in liver
B) Cervical dysplasia (precancerous changes)
C) Acute pancreatitis
D) Osteomyelitis
Rationale: Persistent high-risk HPV causes cervical epithelial dysplasia and cancer.
Tumor cell markers are:
A) Always diagnostic of cancer
B) Substances produced by cancer cells (used for screening, prognosis, monitoring)
C) Only genetic markers
D) Antimicrobial peptides
