MIDTERM 1 BERGSTROM MGMT 200
UW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+
First 8xAmendment 8xand 8xreligious 8xfreedom 8x- 8xCongress 8xshall 8xmake 8xno 8xlaw
8xrespecting 8xan 8xestablishment 8xof 8xreligion, 8xor 8xprohibiting 8xthe 8xfree 8xexercise
8xthereof
The 8xEstablishment 8xClause 8x- 8xReligious 8xliberty 8xprotected 8xby 8xthe
8xConstitution
The 8xFree 8xExercise 8xClause 8x- 8xthe 8xFirst 8xAmendment 8xguarantee 8xthat
8xcitizens 8xmay 8xfreely 8xengage 8xin 8xthe 8xreligious 8xactivities 8xof 8xtheir 8xchoice
The 8xFirst 8xAmendment 8xand 8xBusiness 8x(Free 8xSpeech) 8x- 8xA) 8xIf 8xNOT
8xgovernmental 8xentity, 8xthe 8x1st 8xAmendment 8xdoes 8xnot 8xapply. 8xEnd 8xof
8xanalysis.
B) 8xIf 8xits 8xany 8xgovernmental 8xentity, 8xeven 8xa 8xgovernment 8xsubdivision 8xlike
8xMetro 8xTransit 8xbusses
The 8xfirst 8xamendment 8x- 8xCongress 8xshall 8xmake 8xno 8xlaw...abridging 8xthe
8xfreedom 8xof 8xspeech..."
Only 8xprotects 8xyou 8xfrom 8xall 8xlevels 8xof 8xgovernment 8xpassing 8xlaws
8xregulating 8xspeech, 8xpunishing 8xyou 8xfor 8xengaging 8xin 8xfree 8xspeech, 8xor
8xforcing 8xyou 8xto 8xspeak
Julie 8xBriskman 8x2018 8xflipping 8xoff 8xpresident 8xtrump 8xand 8xgetting 8xfired 8xand
8xsued
Types 8xof 8xunprotected 8xspeech 8x- 8x1) 8xTrue 8xthreats 8x- 8xe.g. 8xcross-burning 8xin
8xVirginia 8xto 8xintimidate 8xcertain 8xgroup 8xof 8xpeople 8x(non 8xverbal)
2) 8xObscenity 8x(child 8xporn)
Miller 8xTest 8x
- 8xchildren 8xare 8xvictimized 8xin 8xthe 8xproduction 8xof 8xthis, 8xCourt 8xhas 8xsaid 8xit
8xdoesn't 8xhave 8xto 8xmeet 8x"obscenity" 8xtest
3) 8xLibel/Slander
8xa) 8xLIBEL 8x(written), 8xSLANDER 8x(spoken) 8x
8xb) 8xlying 8xabout 8xsomeone 8xand 8xruins 8xtheir 8xreputation, 8xthat 8xperson 8xcan
8xsue
,4) 8xIntellectual 8xProperty 8xInfringement 8x
8xa) 8xstealing 8xand 8xrebroadcasting 8xother 8xpeople's 8xproperty 8xusing 8xtheir
8xproperty 8xon 8xyour 8xsite 8xisn't 8xprotected
The 8xdifferent 8xtypes 8xof 8xspeech 8x- 8x1) 8xSpoken 8xor 8xunwritten 8xwords
2) 8xExpressive 8xcommunication
3 8xmajor 8xcategories 8xof 8xprotected 8xspeech 8xrelevant 8xto 8xbusinesses 8x- 8x1.
8xOrdinary 8xspeech 8x- 8xgovernment 8xhas 8xno 8xpower 8xto 8xrestrict 8xexpression
8xbecause 8xof 8xmessage, 8xideas 8xand 8xsubject 8xmatter
2. 8xCommercial 8xspeech 8x- 8xgovernment 8xhas 8xno 8xpower 8xto 8xrestrict
8xexpression 8xbc 8xof 8xmessage, 8xideas, 8xsubject 8xmatter 8xor 8xits 8xcontent 8x
3. 8xPolitical 8xSpeech 8x- 8xif 8xspeech 8xregulation 8xtreats 8xdifferent 8xspeakers, 8xwho
8xwant 8xto 8xsay 8xthe 8xsame 8xthing 8xdifferently
STRICT 8xSCRUTINY 8xTEST 8x- 8xthe 8xgovernment 8xmust 8xshow 8xthat 8xthere 8xis
8xa 8xcompelling 8xreason 8xfor 8xthe 8xlaw 8xand 8xno 8xother 8xless 8xrestrictive 8xway 8xto
8xmeet 8xthe 8xinterest
Steps:
1) 8xa 8xcompelling 8xgovernment 8xinterest 8x(Tod's 8xnote: 8xan 8xactual, 8xvery, 8xvery,
8xvery 8ximportant 8xproblem 8xthat 8xneeds 8xto 8xbe 8xsolved)
AND
2) 8xthe 8xregulation 8xis 8xnarrowly 8xdrawn 8xto 8xserve 8xthat 8xinterest 8x(the
8xregulation 8xcannot 8xbe 8xtoo 8xbroad, 8xor 8xtoo 8xnarrow) 8xand 8xit 8xmust 8xbe 8xthe
8xleast 8xrestrictive 8xmeans 8xamong 8xavailable, 8xeffective 8xalternatives
Specific 8xtypes 8xof 8xspeech 8x- 8xPolitical 8xSpeech: 8xbusinesses 8xcan 8xafford
8xextremely 8xhigh 8xlevel 8xof 8xprotection
8x- 8xyou 8xcan't 8xbe 8xarrested 8xfor 8xcommenting 8xon 8xpolitical, 8xgovernment 8xor
8xpeaceful 8xprotests 8x
Citizens 8xUnited
1) 8xspending/contribution 8xmoney 8xfor 8xcertain 8xelection 8xcandidates 8x
2) 8xgive 8xunlimited 8xmoney 8xto 8xthird 8xparties 8xthat 8xwill 8xthen 8xbuy 8xads
8xfor/against 8xcandidates, 8xthus 8xbeing 8xa 8xsecret
Business 8xand 8xCommercial 8xSpeech 8x- 8x1)Advertisements 8xfor 8xlegal 8xservices
8xprotected 8xby 8x1st 8xamendment 8x
2) 8xUntruthful 8xcommercial 8xspeech 8xis 8xregulated 8xby 8xFederal 8xTrade
8xCommission
,3) 8xCommercially 8xspeech, 8xnot 8xmisleading, 8xgovernment 8xstill 8xis 8xable 8xto
8xregulate 8xby 8xFederal 8xTrade 8xCommission
8xA) 8xIs 8xthere 8xa 8xsubstantial 8xgovernment 8xinterest 8xin 8xregulating 8xthe
8xspeech? 8xIf 8xnot, 8xthen 8xthe 8xregulation 8xis 8xnot 8xallowed; 8xbut 8xif 8xthere 8xis 8xa
8xsubstantial 8xgovernment 8xinterest 8xthen:
8xB) 8xDoes 8xthe 8xregulation 8xadvance 8xan 8ximportant 8xgovernmental 8xinterest? 8xIf
8xnot, 8xthen 8xno 8xregulation. 8xBut 8xif 8xthe 8xregulation 8xadvances 8xthe 8ximportant
8xgovernmental 8xinterest, 8xthen:
8xC) 8xIs 8xthe 8xregulation 8xor 8xlaw 8xoverly 8xextensive? 8x(Does 8xit 8xgo 8xtoo 8xfar?)
8xIf 8x"Yes," 8xthen 8xits 8xnot 8xlawful. 8xBut 8xif 8x"no" 8xthen 8xit 8xis 8xOK.
Contracts 8x- 8xVoluntary 8xagreement, 8xset 8xof 8xpromises, 8xsupported 8xby
8xconsideration, 8xthat 8xdemonstrates 8xthe 8xintent 8xof 8xthe 8xparties 8xto 8xbe 8xbound
8xby 8xthe 8xagreement, 8xthe 8xbreach 8xof 8xwhich 8xthe 8xlaw 8xprovides 8xa 8xremedy.
Contracts 8xinvolving 8xrise 8xto 8xmoney 8xdamages 8xor 8xequitable 8xrelief 8x- 8x1)
8xUsually 8xrequired 8xto 8xpay 8xmoney 8xdamages 8x(lost 8xprofits)
2) 8xmoney 8xdamages 8xare 8xinadequate 8xto 8xcannot 8x"make 8xthe 8xvictim 8xwhole",
8xthe 8xcourt 8xcan 8xrequire 8xthe 8xnon-performing 8xparty 8xperform 8xthe 8xpromised
8xact 8xor 8xstop 8xdoing 8xsomething
Rules 8xfor 8xmaking 8xcontracts 8x- 8x- 8xterms 8xof 8xa 8xcontract 8xare 8xnegotiated 8xby
8xparties 8xand 8xbecome 8x"private 8xlaw" 8xbetween 8xthe 8xparties 8x
- 8xcourts 8xwill 8x"enforce" 8xthese 8x"private 8xlaws" 8xprovided 8xthey 8xdo 8xnot 8xviolate
8xpublic 8xpolicy
Contracts 8xcan 8xinclude 8xrules 8xof 8xenforcement 8x- 8x1) 8xBinding 8xarbitration
2) 8xAttorney 8xfees 8xto 8xprevailing 8xparty 8x
3) 8xChoice 8xof 8xlaw 8xprovisions 8x
4) 8xChoice 8xof 8xphysical 8xforum 8xto 8xdecide 8xany 8xdisputes 8xabout 8xthe 8xcontract
Uniform 8xCommercial 8xCode 8x(UCC) 8x- 8xMake 8xthings 8xmore 8xconsistent 8xamong
8x50 8xstates
UCC 8xcovers 8x- 8xA) 8xCovers 8xSales 8x(transfer 8xof 8xownership 8xof 8xgoods 8xin
8xexchange 8xfor 8x$
B) 8xLeases
C) 8xCommercial 8xPaper
D) 8xSecurities
Express 8xContract 8x- 8xORAL 8x(allowed, 8xexcept 8xfor 8xcontracts 8xrequired 8xto 8xbe
8xin 8xwriting 8xpursuant 8xto 8xthe 8xStatue 8xof 8xFrauds)
WRITTEN 8x- 8xCertain 8xcontracts 8xmust 8xbe 8xin 8xwriting 8xAND 8xsigned 8xby 8xthe
8xparty 8xagainst 8xwhom 8xenforcement 8xis 8xsought 8x
FORMAL 8xCONTRACTS 8x- 8xHow 8xa 8xcheck 8xmust 8xbe 8xfilled 8xout 8xpursuant 8xto
8xlaw 8x
IMPLIED 8xCONTRACTS 8x- 8xBased 8xupon 8xconduct, 8xtradition, 8xand 8xcustoms
, Who 8xare 8xparties 8xafter 8xa 8xcontract? 8x- 8xOFFEROR 8x- 8xperson 8xmaking 8xthe
8xoffer
OFFEREE 8x- 8xperson 8xreceiving 8xthe 8xoffer
Bilateral 8xContract 8x- 8xBoth 8xparties 8xexchange 8xlegally 8xbinding 8xpromises 8xto
8xthe 8xother 8xparty
Unilateral 8xContract 8x(one 8xsided) 8x- 8xIf 8xthe 8xofferors 8xreward 8xoffer, 8xand
8xperforms 8xas 8xrequired
Force 8xMajure 8xClauses 8x- 8x1. 8xThis 8xdoctrine 8xis 8xsimilar 8xto 8xCommercial
8xImpracticability 8x/ 8xFrustration 8xof 8xContract, 8xbut 8xa 8xbit 8xdifferent. 8x
This 8xmeans 8xmore 8xthan 8xsimply 8xunexpected 8xdifficulty 8xor 8xcosts; 8xit 8xmeans
8xextreme 8xthings 8xlike 8xwartime 8xshortages, 8xor 8xlosses 8xof 8xsupplies 8xdue 8xto
8xpolitical 8xembargoes.
Covid 8xtest: 8xPresident 8xtold 8xplant 8xto 8xretool 8xand 8xmake 8xx; 8xplant 8xcould 8xnot
8xmake 8xY
Starbucks 8xand 8xKraft
Enforceability 8xContracts 8x- 8x1. 8xENFORCEABLE 8xCONTACT 8x(or 8xa 8x"valid
8xcontract"). 8xThis 8xis 8xa 8xcontract 8xthatmeets 8xall 8xthe 8xessential 8xelements 8xto
8xestablish 8xa 8xcontract.
2. 8xVOID 8xAGREEMENT 8xOR 8xCONTRACT—A 8xfailed 8xattempt 8xto 8xmake 8xa
8xcontract. 8xA 8xvoid 8xagreement 8xhas 8xno 8xlegal 8xeffect. 8xIt 8xis 8xas 8xif 8xno
8xcontract 8xhad 8xever 8xbeen 8xcreated. 8xFor 8xexample, 8xa 8x"contract" 8xto 8xcommit
8xa 8xcrime 8xis 8xvoid; 8xneither 8xparty 8xis 8xobligated 8xto 8xperform, 8xand 8xthe 8xcourt
8xwill 8xnot 8xenforce 8xit.
3. 8xVOIDABLE 8xAGREEMENT 8x- 8xA 8xvoidable 8xcontract 8xis 8xone 8xwhere 8xat
8xleast 8xone 8xparty 8xhas 8xthe 8xoption 8xto 8xavoid 8xhis 8xor 8xher 8xcontractual
8xobligations. 8xEx. 8xA 8xminor, 8xunder 8x18, 8xmay 8xvoid 8xa 8xcontract 8xeven 8xif 8xthe
8xcontract 8xis 8xotherwise 8xvalid, 8xbecause 8xminors 8xare 8xnot 8xallowed 8xto
8xcontract. 8xHowever, 8xif 8xthe 8xminor 8xvoids 8xthe 8xcontract, 8xthen 8xthe 8xother
8xside 8xis 8xalso 8xreleased 8xfrom 8xit, 8xbut 8xthe 8xminor 8xwill 8xhave 8xto 8xpay
8xrestitution.
4. 8xUNENFORCEABLE 8xAGREEMENT 8x- 8xOccurs 8xwhere 8xthere 8xis 8xsome
8xlegal 8xdefense 8xto 8xthe 8xenforcement 8xof 8xthe 8xcontract
"Privity 8xof 8xcontract" 8x- 8xrefers 8xto 8xthe 8xrelationship 8xof 8xthe 8xparties 8xwithin 8xa
8xcontract
There 8xmay 8xbe 8x"third 8xparty" 8xbeneficiaries 8xto 8xcontracts.
UW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+
First 8xAmendment 8xand 8xreligious 8xfreedom 8x- 8xCongress 8xshall 8xmake 8xno 8xlaw
8xrespecting 8xan 8xestablishment 8xof 8xreligion, 8xor 8xprohibiting 8xthe 8xfree 8xexercise
8xthereof
The 8xEstablishment 8xClause 8x- 8xReligious 8xliberty 8xprotected 8xby 8xthe
8xConstitution
The 8xFree 8xExercise 8xClause 8x- 8xthe 8xFirst 8xAmendment 8xguarantee 8xthat
8xcitizens 8xmay 8xfreely 8xengage 8xin 8xthe 8xreligious 8xactivities 8xof 8xtheir 8xchoice
The 8xFirst 8xAmendment 8xand 8xBusiness 8x(Free 8xSpeech) 8x- 8xA) 8xIf 8xNOT
8xgovernmental 8xentity, 8xthe 8x1st 8xAmendment 8xdoes 8xnot 8xapply. 8xEnd 8xof
8xanalysis.
B) 8xIf 8xits 8xany 8xgovernmental 8xentity, 8xeven 8xa 8xgovernment 8xsubdivision 8xlike
8xMetro 8xTransit 8xbusses
The 8xfirst 8xamendment 8x- 8xCongress 8xshall 8xmake 8xno 8xlaw...abridging 8xthe
8xfreedom 8xof 8xspeech..."
Only 8xprotects 8xyou 8xfrom 8xall 8xlevels 8xof 8xgovernment 8xpassing 8xlaws
8xregulating 8xspeech, 8xpunishing 8xyou 8xfor 8xengaging 8xin 8xfree 8xspeech, 8xor
8xforcing 8xyou 8xto 8xspeak
Julie 8xBriskman 8x2018 8xflipping 8xoff 8xpresident 8xtrump 8xand 8xgetting 8xfired 8xand
8xsued
Types 8xof 8xunprotected 8xspeech 8x- 8x1) 8xTrue 8xthreats 8x- 8xe.g. 8xcross-burning 8xin
8xVirginia 8xto 8xintimidate 8xcertain 8xgroup 8xof 8xpeople 8x(non 8xverbal)
2) 8xObscenity 8x(child 8xporn)
Miller 8xTest 8x
- 8xchildren 8xare 8xvictimized 8xin 8xthe 8xproduction 8xof 8xthis, 8xCourt 8xhas 8xsaid 8xit
8xdoesn't 8xhave 8xto 8xmeet 8x"obscenity" 8xtest
3) 8xLibel/Slander
8xa) 8xLIBEL 8x(written), 8xSLANDER 8x(spoken) 8x
8xb) 8xlying 8xabout 8xsomeone 8xand 8xruins 8xtheir 8xreputation, 8xthat 8xperson 8xcan
8xsue
,4) 8xIntellectual 8xProperty 8xInfringement 8x
8xa) 8xstealing 8xand 8xrebroadcasting 8xother 8xpeople's 8xproperty 8xusing 8xtheir
8xproperty 8xon 8xyour 8xsite 8xisn't 8xprotected
The 8xdifferent 8xtypes 8xof 8xspeech 8x- 8x1) 8xSpoken 8xor 8xunwritten 8xwords
2) 8xExpressive 8xcommunication
3 8xmajor 8xcategories 8xof 8xprotected 8xspeech 8xrelevant 8xto 8xbusinesses 8x- 8x1.
8xOrdinary 8xspeech 8x- 8xgovernment 8xhas 8xno 8xpower 8xto 8xrestrict 8xexpression
8xbecause 8xof 8xmessage, 8xideas 8xand 8xsubject 8xmatter
2. 8xCommercial 8xspeech 8x- 8xgovernment 8xhas 8xno 8xpower 8xto 8xrestrict
8xexpression 8xbc 8xof 8xmessage, 8xideas, 8xsubject 8xmatter 8xor 8xits 8xcontent 8x
3. 8xPolitical 8xSpeech 8x- 8xif 8xspeech 8xregulation 8xtreats 8xdifferent 8xspeakers, 8xwho
8xwant 8xto 8xsay 8xthe 8xsame 8xthing 8xdifferently
STRICT 8xSCRUTINY 8xTEST 8x- 8xthe 8xgovernment 8xmust 8xshow 8xthat 8xthere 8xis
8xa 8xcompelling 8xreason 8xfor 8xthe 8xlaw 8xand 8xno 8xother 8xless 8xrestrictive 8xway 8xto
8xmeet 8xthe 8xinterest
Steps:
1) 8xa 8xcompelling 8xgovernment 8xinterest 8x(Tod's 8xnote: 8xan 8xactual, 8xvery, 8xvery,
8xvery 8ximportant 8xproblem 8xthat 8xneeds 8xto 8xbe 8xsolved)
AND
2) 8xthe 8xregulation 8xis 8xnarrowly 8xdrawn 8xto 8xserve 8xthat 8xinterest 8x(the
8xregulation 8xcannot 8xbe 8xtoo 8xbroad, 8xor 8xtoo 8xnarrow) 8xand 8xit 8xmust 8xbe 8xthe
8xleast 8xrestrictive 8xmeans 8xamong 8xavailable, 8xeffective 8xalternatives
Specific 8xtypes 8xof 8xspeech 8x- 8xPolitical 8xSpeech: 8xbusinesses 8xcan 8xafford
8xextremely 8xhigh 8xlevel 8xof 8xprotection
8x- 8xyou 8xcan't 8xbe 8xarrested 8xfor 8xcommenting 8xon 8xpolitical, 8xgovernment 8xor
8xpeaceful 8xprotests 8x
Citizens 8xUnited
1) 8xspending/contribution 8xmoney 8xfor 8xcertain 8xelection 8xcandidates 8x
2) 8xgive 8xunlimited 8xmoney 8xto 8xthird 8xparties 8xthat 8xwill 8xthen 8xbuy 8xads
8xfor/against 8xcandidates, 8xthus 8xbeing 8xa 8xsecret
Business 8xand 8xCommercial 8xSpeech 8x- 8x1)Advertisements 8xfor 8xlegal 8xservices
8xprotected 8xby 8x1st 8xamendment 8x
2) 8xUntruthful 8xcommercial 8xspeech 8xis 8xregulated 8xby 8xFederal 8xTrade
8xCommission
,3) 8xCommercially 8xspeech, 8xnot 8xmisleading, 8xgovernment 8xstill 8xis 8xable 8xto
8xregulate 8xby 8xFederal 8xTrade 8xCommission
8xA) 8xIs 8xthere 8xa 8xsubstantial 8xgovernment 8xinterest 8xin 8xregulating 8xthe
8xspeech? 8xIf 8xnot, 8xthen 8xthe 8xregulation 8xis 8xnot 8xallowed; 8xbut 8xif 8xthere 8xis 8xa
8xsubstantial 8xgovernment 8xinterest 8xthen:
8xB) 8xDoes 8xthe 8xregulation 8xadvance 8xan 8ximportant 8xgovernmental 8xinterest? 8xIf
8xnot, 8xthen 8xno 8xregulation. 8xBut 8xif 8xthe 8xregulation 8xadvances 8xthe 8ximportant
8xgovernmental 8xinterest, 8xthen:
8xC) 8xIs 8xthe 8xregulation 8xor 8xlaw 8xoverly 8xextensive? 8x(Does 8xit 8xgo 8xtoo 8xfar?)
8xIf 8x"Yes," 8xthen 8xits 8xnot 8xlawful. 8xBut 8xif 8x"no" 8xthen 8xit 8xis 8xOK.
Contracts 8x- 8xVoluntary 8xagreement, 8xset 8xof 8xpromises, 8xsupported 8xby
8xconsideration, 8xthat 8xdemonstrates 8xthe 8xintent 8xof 8xthe 8xparties 8xto 8xbe 8xbound
8xby 8xthe 8xagreement, 8xthe 8xbreach 8xof 8xwhich 8xthe 8xlaw 8xprovides 8xa 8xremedy.
Contracts 8xinvolving 8xrise 8xto 8xmoney 8xdamages 8xor 8xequitable 8xrelief 8x- 8x1)
8xUsually 8xrequired 8xto 8xpay 8xmoney 8xdamages 8x(lost 8xprofits)
2) 8xmoney 8xdamages 8xare 8xinadequate 8xto 8xcannot 8x"make 8xthe 8xvictim 8xwhole",
8xthe 8xcourt 8xcan 8xrequire 8xthe 8xnon-performing 8xparty 8xperform 8xthe 8xpromised
8xact 8xor 8xstop 8xdoing 8xsomething
Rules 8xfor 8xmaking 8xcontracts 8x- 8x- 8xterms 8xof 8xa 8xcontract 8xare 8xnegotiated 8xby
8xparties 8xand 8xbecome 8x"private 8xlaw" 8xbetween 8xthe 8xparties 8x
- 8xcourts 8xwill 8x"enforce" 8xthese 8x"private 8xlaws" 8xprovided 8xthey 8xdo 8xnot 8xviolate
8xpublic 8xpolicy
Contracts 8xcan 8xinclude 8xrules 8xof 8xenforcement 8x- 8x1) 8xBinding 8xarbitration
2) 8xAttorney 8xfees 8xto 8xprevailing 8xparty 8x
3) 8xChoice 8xof 8xlaw 8xprovisions 8x
4) 8xChoice 8xof 8xphysical 8xforum 8xto 8xdecide 8xany 8xdisputes 8xabout 8xthe 8xcontract
Uniform 8xCommercial 8xCode 8x(UCC) 8x- 8xMake 8xthings 8xmore 8xconsistent 8xamong
8x50 8xstates
UCC 8xcovers 8x- 8xA) 8xCovers 8xSales 8x(transfer 8xof 8xownership 8xof 8xgoods 8xin
8xexchange 8xfor 8x$
B) 8xLeases
C) 8xCommercial 8xPaper
D) 8xSecurities
Express 8xContract 8x- 8xORAL 8x(allowed, 8xexcept 8xfor 8xcontracts 8xrequired 8xto 8xbe
8xin 8xwriting 8xpursuant 8xto 8xthe 8xStatue 8xof 8xFrauds)
WRITTEN 8x- 8xCertain 8xcontracts 8xmust 8xbe 8xin 8xwriting 8xAND 8xsigned 8xby 8xthe
8xparty 8xagainst 8xwhom 8xenforcement 8xis 8xsought 8x
FORMAL 8xCONTRACTS 8x- 8xHow 8xa 8xcheck 8xmust 8xbe 8xfilled 8xout 8xpursuant 8xto
8xlaw 8x
IMPLIED 8xCONTRACTS 8x- 8xBased 8xupon 8xconduct, 8xtradition, 8xand 8xcustoms
, Who 8xare 8xparties 8xafter 8xa 8xcontract? 8x- 8xOFFEROR 8x- 8xperson 8xmaking 8xthe
8xoffer
OFFEREE 8x- 8xperson 8xreceiving 8xthe 8xoffer
Bilateral 8xContract 8x- 8xBoth 8xparties 8xexchange 8xlegally 8xbinding 8xpromises 8xto
8xthe 8xother 8xparty
Unilateral 8xContract 8x(one 8xsided) 8x- 8xIf 8xthe 8xofferors 8xreward 8xoffer, 8xand
8xperforms 8xas 8xrequired
Force 8xMajure 8xClauses 8x- 8x1. 8xThis 8xdoctrine 8xis 8xsimilar 8xto 8xCommercial
8xImpracticability 8x/ 8xFrustration 8xof 8xContract, 8xbut 8xa 8xbit 8xdifferent. 8x
This 8xmeans 8xmore 8xthan 8xsimply 8xunexpected 8xdifficulty 8xor 8xcosts; 8xit 8xmeans
8xextreme 8xthings 8xlike 8xwartime 8xshortages, 8xor 8xlosses 8xof 8xsupplies 8xdue 8xto
8xpolitical 8xembargoes.
Covid 8xtest: 8xPresident 8xtold 8xplant 8xto 8xretool 8xand 8xmake 8xx; 8xplant 8xcould 8xnot
8xmake 8xY
Starbucks 8xand 8xKraft
Enforceability 8xContracts 8x- 8x1. 8xENFORCEABLE 8xCONTACT 8x(or 8xa 8x"valid
8xcontract"). 8xThis 8xis 8xa 8xcontract 8xthatmeets 8xall 8xthe 8xessential 8xelements 8xto
8xestablish 8xa 8xcontract.
2. 8xVOID 8xAGREEMENT 8xOR 8xCONTRACT—A 8xfailed 8xattempt 8xto 8xmake 8xa
8xcontract. 8xA 8xvoid 8xagreement 8xhas 8xno 8xlegal 8xeffect. 8xIt 8xis 8xas 8xif 8xno
8xcontract 8xhad 8xever 8xbeen 8xcreated. 8xFor 8xexample, 8xa 8x"contract" 8xto 8xcommit
8xa 8xcrime 8xis 8xvoid; 8xneither 8xparty 8xis 8xobligated 8xto 8xperform, 8xand 8xthe 8xcourt
8xwill 8xnot 8xenforce 8xit.
3. 8xVOIDABLE 8xAGREEMENT 8x- 8xA 8xvoidable 8xcontract 8xis 8xone 8xwhere 8xat
8xleast 8xone 8xparty 8xhas 8xthe 8xoption 8xto 8xavoid 8xhis 8xor 8xher 8xcontractual
8xobligations. 8xEx. 8xA 8xminor, 8xunder 8x18, 8xmay 8xvoid 8xa 8xcontract 8xeven 8xif 8xthe
8xcontract 8xis 8xotherwise 8xvalid, 8xbecause 8xminors 8xare 8xnot 8xallowed 8xto
8xcontract. 8xHowever, 8xif 8xthe 8xminor 8xvoids 8xthe 8xcontract, 8xthen 8xthe 8xother
8xside 8xis 8xalso 8xreleased 8xfrom 8xit, 8xbut 8xthe 8xminor 8xwill 8xhave 8xto 8xpay
8xrestitution.
4. 8xUNENFORCEABLE 8xAGREEMENT 8x- 8xOccurs 8xwhere 8xthere 8xis 8xsome
8xlegal 8xdefense 8xto 8xthe 8xenforcement 8xof 8xthe 8xcontract
"Privity 8xof 8xcontract" 8x- 8xrefers 8xto 8xthe 8xrelationship 8xof 8xthe 8xparties 8xwithin 8xa
8xcontract
There 8xmay 8xbe 8x"third 8xparty" 8xbeneficiaries 8xto 8xcontracts.
