1|Page
CVS PHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM LATEST 2025/2026 ACTUAL
EXAM WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (100% VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+|
||PROFESSOR VERIFIED|| ||BRANDNEW!!!||
What are contraindications and drug interactions of ARBs? -
ANSWER-Shouldn't be given to patients with renal artery
stenosis, AKD, CKD or pregnant women or to patients taking
other hyperkalaemia causing drugs or NSAIDs
What are the 3 types of CCB? - ANSWER-Dihydropyridines or
non-dihydropyridines (phenylalkylamines and benzothiazepines)
What are the dihydropyridines? - ANSWER-Selective for
peripheral vasculature and have little to no chronotropic/inotropic
effects
Adverse effects includes ankle swelling, flushing, headaches due
to vasodilation and palpitations due to compensatory tachycardia
(to compensate for the decreased BP). Unstable angina and
severe aortic stenosis are contraindications, with amlodipine
interacting with simvastatin to increase its effects - dose would be
decreased.
E.g. amlodipine, nifedipine and nimodipine
,2|Page
What are phenylalkylamines? - ANSWER-Depress the SA node,
slow AV conduction and have a negative inotropic effect making
them useful antiarrhythmics
Adverse effects include constipation, bradycardia, heart block and
cardiac failure, with contraindications including poor LV function
and AV nodal conduction delay. They shouldn't be used alongside
ß-blockers or other antihypertensive and antiarrhythmic agents.
E.g. Verapamil
How can beta blockers be used in hypertension? - ANSWER-
Decrease sympathetic tone by blocking NA and reducing
myocardial contraction resulting in a reduced CO. They also
decrease renin secretion due to action at ß1 receptors. Adverse
effects include bronchospasm, heart block, Raynaud's (cold
hands), lethargy, impotence and they can mask tachycardia. They
are contraindicated in asthma and COPD, haemodynamic
instability and hepatic failure and shouldn't be taken along with
non-dihydropyridine CCBs
, 3|Page
How can alpha blockers be used in hypertension? - ANSWER-
selectively antagonistic of alpha1 receptors and reduce peripheral
vascular resistance. Adverse effects include postural hypotension,
dizziness, syncope, headache and fatigue, with contraindication
including postural hypotension. They shouldn't be used in
conjunction with dihydropyridines as that can cause oedema.
How is heart failure treated? - ANSWER-A diuretic and other
therapeutic agents are added, with the aims of treatment being to
reduce symptoms, increase exercise tolerance, address
arrhythmias, hyperlipidaemia and diabetes, slow morbidity and
increase the quality of life
What diuretics are used in hypertension? - ANSWER-Thiazides -
vasodilation and diuresis
Spironolactone, e.g. Liddle syndrome - all ENaC channels open
leading to lots of Na+ reabsorbed
Loop diuretics
What diuretics are used in heart failure? - ANSWER-Loop
diuretics, spironolactone
CVS PHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM LATEST 2025/2026 ACTUAL
EXAM WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (100% VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+|
||PROFESSOR VERIFIED|| ||BRANDNEW!!!||
What are contraindications and drug interactions of ARBs? -
ANSWER-Shouldn't be given to patients with renal artery
stenosis, AKD, CKD or pregnant women or to patients taking
other hyperkalaemia causing drugs or NSAIDs
What are the 3 types of CCB? - ANSWER-Dihydropyridines or
non-dihydropyridines (phenylalkylamines and benzothiazepines)
What are the dihydropyridines? - ANSWER-Selective for
peripheral vasculature and have little to no chronotropic/inotropic
effects
Adverse effects includes ankle swelling, flushing, headaches due
to vasodilation and palpitations due to compensatory tachycardia
(to compensate for the decreased BP). Unstable angina and
severe aortic stenosis are contraindications, with amlodipine
interacting with simvastatin to increase its effects - dose would be
decreased.
E.g. amlodipine, nifedipine and nimodipine
,2|Page
What are phenylalkylamines? - ANSWER-Depress the SA node,
slow AV conduction and have a negative inotropic effect making
them useful antiarrhythmics
Adverse effects include constipation, bradycardia, heart block and
cardiac failure, with contraindications including poor LV function
and AV nodal conduction delay. They shouldn't be used alongside
ß-blockers or other antihypertensive and antiarrhythmic agents.
E.g. Verapamil
How can beta blockers be used in hypertension? - ANSWER-
Decrease sympathetic tone by blocking NA and reducing
myocardial contraction resulting in a reduced CO. They also
decrease renin secretion due to action at ß1 receptors. Adverse
effects include bronchospasm, heart block, Raynaud's (cold
hands), lethargy, impotence and they can mask tachycardia. They
are contraindicated in asthma and COPD, haemodynamic
instability and hepatic failure and shouldn't be taken along with
non-dihydropyridine CCBs
, 3|Page
How can alpha blockers be used in hypertension? - ANSWER-
selectively antagonistic of alpha1 receptors and reduce peripheral
vascular resistance. Adverse effects include postural hypotension,
dizziness, syncope, headache and fatigue, with contraindication
including postural hypotension. They shouldn't be used in
conjunction with dihydropyridines as that can cause oedema.
How is heart failure treated? - ANSWER-A diuretic and other
therapeutic agents are added, with the aims of treatment being to
reduce symptoms, increase exercise tolerance, address
arrhythmias, hyperlipidaemia and diabetes, slow morbidity and
increase the quality of life
What diuretics are used in hypertension? - ANSWER-Thiazides -
vasodilation and diuresis
Spironolactone, e.g. Liddle syndrome - all ENaC channels open
leading to lots of Na+ reabsorbed
Loop diuretics
What diuretics are used in heart failure? - ANSWER-Loop
diuretics, spironolactone
