UAMS HEMATOLOGY STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔It is what cell production starts with. A cell that can become anything depending on
the stimulus received. It is capable of self renewal and will give rise to a differentiated
progeny such as a myeloid or lymphoid multipotent stem cell.
Pluripotent stem cells can replenish the hematopoietic system after radiation has been
done. - ✔✔What is a pluripotent stem cell? In cancer patients, why are these extremely
important?
✔✔A multipotent stem cell will receive a growth factor such as interleukins or cytokines
and commit to one cell line. Either myeloid or lymphoid (level 1). - ✔✔After a pluripotent
stem cell has received a stimulus and became a multipotent stem cell, what happens?
✔✔A pluripotent stem cell will receive a stimulus to become a multipotent stem cell. The
multipotent stem cell will commit to only one line, either a myeloid or lymphoid
progenitor cell depending on growth factors received. The progenitor cells become
granulocyte blasts that replicate and proliferate. Eventually, proliferation ceases as cells
mature and enter the peripheral blood. Some cells with further differentiate in the
tissues. - ✔✔What is the sequence of hematopoiesis?
✔✔CFU, CSF, and erythropoietin produced in the kidney in response to blood-oxygen
tension. - ✔✔What are the growth factors received by the multipotent cell?
✔✔Level 1 - multipotent stem cells capable of self renewal found in the bone marrow.
Level 2 - progenitor cells capable of limited self renewal found in the bone marrow.
Level 3 - precursor cells capable of only differentiation found in the bone marrow.
Level 4 - mature blood cells capable of some differentiation found in the peripheral
blood.
Level 5 - tissue cells capable of some differentiation found in the tissues. - ✔✔What are
the levels of hematopoiesis?
✔✔A pluripotent cell becomes a multipotent cell which commits to a myeloid cell line
and becomes a progenitor cell. The progenitor cell becomes a WBC precursor cell and
differentiates. Maturation occurs in the bone marrow. The mature cells stay in the
marrow for several days and then diapadese into peripheral blood and into the tissues
where they live for about 1-2 days. They do not return to the blood or marrow. They are
then removed by RES. - ✔✔What is the lifespan of a WBC?
✔✔Leukopoiesis. Interleukins. - ✔✔What is the development of WBCs? What are the
typical growth factors?
✔✔A decrease in size, nucleus condensation, and loss of basophilia. - ✔✔What are
general cell maturation features?
, ✔✔Primary granules appear first, usually as promyelocytes. Secondary granules
appear as myelocytes and increase in number as the cell matures. Other secondary
granules include banded and segmented neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Neutrophils stain purple because they are acidic and alkaline. Eosinophils stain
red/orange because they are acidic. Basophils stain deep blue/black because they are
alkaline. Tertiary granules develop later but are harder to stain. - ✔✔Myeloid cells have
granules in their cytoplasm. What are the different types of granules and how do they
appear stained?
✔✔Chromatin condensation, delicate purple chromatin to clumped chromatin, nuclear
indentation, C:N ratio decreases, and nucleoli disappear. - ✔✔What are the
characteristics of nuclear maturation?
✔✔Granulopoiesis. 7-11 days. Neutrophil. Main purpose is to phagocytosis bacteria. -
✔✔What is the formation of granules called and how long does it take? What is the
most common granule and what is its purpose?
✔✔Myeloblast - found in the bone marrow, may be in peripheral blood in leukemia
patients. No granules are present in the cytoplasm. Nucleus is light purple and
unclumped. Cytoplasm is sparse and basophilic.
Promyelocyte - found in the bone marrow, may be in the blood due to leukemia or
infection. Primary granules will be present in the cytoplasm. Nucleus is round with slight
more clumped chromatin.
Myelocyte - found in the bone marrow, may be in peripheral blood due to leukemia or
infection. Both primary and secondary granules will be in the cytoplasm. Nucleus may
be slightly flattened on one side "dawn of neutrophilia." Cytoplasm is becoming less
blue and more pink. This is the first cell to differentiate into neutrophil, eosinophil, or
basophil.
Metamyelocyte - found in bone marrow or peripheral blood in infections. Smaller than a
myelocyte. Nucleus is kidney bean shaped with chromatin appearing coarser and closer
- ✔✔What are the myeloid precursor stages for neutrophils and what are their
characteristics?
✔✔High N:C ratio, round nucleus, even chromatin with dark clumping, blue cytoplasm. -
✔✔What are the characteristics of a lymphocyte?
✔✔Largest cell in normal blood, indented/folded nucleus, delicate and pale chromatin
with open spaces, chromatin is "lacy", has blue-gray cytoplasm.
Purpose is to present antigens to lymphocytes. - ✔✔What are the characteristics of a
monocyte? Monocyte purpose?
✔✔Cytoplasmic granules are red/orange, nucleus is most often bi-lobed but can be
banded. Purpose is to control allergic responses and inflammation, as well as protect
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔It is what cell production starts with. A cell that can become anything depending on
the stimulus received. It is capable of self renewal and will give rise to a differentiated
progeny such as a myeloid or lymphoid multipotent stem cell.
Pluripotent stem cells can replenish the hematopoietic system after radiation has been
done. - ✔✔What is a pluripotent stem cell? In cancer patients, why are these extremely
important?
✔✔A multipotent stem cell will receive a growth factor such as interleukins or cytokines
and commit to one cell line. Either myeloid or lymphoid (level 1). - ✔✔After a pluripotent
stem cell has received a stimulus and became a multipotent stem cell, what happens?
✔✔A pluripotent stem cell will receive a stimulus to become a multipotent stem cell. The
multipotent stem cell will commit to only one line, either a myeloid or lymphoid
progenitor cell depending on growth factors received. The progenitor cells become
granulocyte blasts that replicate and proliferate. Eventually, proliferation ceases as cells
mature and enter the peripheral blood. Some cells with further differentiate in the
tissues. - ✔✔What is the sequence of hematopoiesis?
✔✔CFU, CSF, and erythropoietin produced in the kidney in response to blood-oxygen
tension. - ✔✔What are the growth factors received by the multipotent cell?
✔✔Level 1 - multipotent stem cells capable of self renewal found in the bone marrow.
Level 2 - progenitor cells capable of limited self renewal found in the bone marrow.
Level 3 - precursor cells capable of only differentiation found in the bone marrow.
Level 4 - mature blood cells capable of some differentiation found in the peripheral
blood.
Level 5 - tissue cells capable of some differentiation found in the tissues. - ✔✔What are
the levels of hematopoiesis?
✔✔A pluripotent cell becomes a multipotent cell which commits to a myeloid cell line
and becomes a progenitor cell. The progenitor cell becomes a WBC precursor cell and
differentiates. Maturation occurs in the bone marrow. The mature cells stay in the
marrow for several days and then diapadese into peripheral blood and into the tissues
where they live for about 1-2 days. They do not return to the blood or marrow. They are
then removed by RES. - ✔✔What is the lifespan of a WBC?
✔✔Leukopoiesis. Interleukins. - ✔✔What is the development of WBCs? What are the
typical growth factors?
✔✔A decrease in size, nucleus condensation, and loss of basophilia. - ✔✔What are
general cell maturation features?
, ✔✔Primary granules appear first, usually as promyelocytes. Secondary granules
appear as myelocytes and increase in number as the cell matures. Other secondary
granules include banded and segmented neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Neutrophils stain purple because they are acidic and alkaline. Eosinophils stain
red/orange because they are acidic. Basophils stain deep blue/black because they are
alkaline. Tertiary granules develop later but are harder to stain. - ✔✔Myeloid cells have
granules in their cytoplasm. What are the different types of granules and how do they
appear stained?
✔✔Chromatin condensation, delicate purple chromatin to clumped chromatin, nuclear
indentation, C:N ratio decreases, and nucleoli disappear. - ✔✔What are the
characteristics of nuclear maturation?
✔✔Granulopoiesis. 7-11 days. Neutrophil. Main purpose is to phagocytosis bacteria. -
✔✔What is the formation of granules called and how long does it take? What is the
most common granule and what is its purpose?
✔✔Myeloblast - found in the bone marrow, may be in peripheral blood in leukemia
patients. No granules are present in the cytoplasm. Nucleus is light purple and
unclumped. Cytoplasm is sparse and basophilic.
Promyelocyte - found in the bone marrow, may be in the blood due to leukemia or
infection. Primary granules will be present in the cytoplasm. Nucleus is round with slight
more clumped chromatin.
Myelocyte - found in the bone marrow, may be in peripheral blood due to leukemia or
infection. Both primary and secondary granules will be in the cytoplasm. Nucleus may
be slightly flattened on one side "dawn of neutrophilia." Cytoplasm is becoming less
blue and more pink. This is the first cell to differentiate into neutrophil, eosinophil, or
basophil.
Metamyelocyte - found in bone marrow or peripheral blood in infections. Smaller than a
myelocyte. Nucleus is kidney bean shaped with chromatin appearing coarser and closer
- ✔✔What are the myeloid precursor stages for neutrophils and what are their
characteristics?
✔✔High N:C ratio, round nucleus, even chromatin with dark clumping, blue cytoplasm. -
✔✔What are the characteristics of a lymphocyte?
✔✔Largest cell in normal blood, indented/folded nucleus, delicate and pale chromatin
with open spaces, chromatin is "lacy", has blue-gray cytoplasm.
Purpose is to present antigens to lymphocytes. - ✔✔What are the characteristics of a
monocyte? Monocyte purpose?
✔✔Cytoplasmic granules are red/orange, nucleus is most often bi-lobed but can be
banded. Purpose is to control allergic responses and inflammation, as well as protect
