NR 203 Practice Exam with Accurate Answers.
Latest Edition
Fetal Heart Develops - ✔✔at 3-8 weeks
Fetal Cardiac Shunts - ✔✔foramen oval
ductus arteriosus
ductus venosus
Foramen Ovale - ✔✔connects the two atria in the fetal heart
Ductus Arteriosus - ✔✔connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the lungs
Ductus Venosus - ✔✔connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver
Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow - ✔✔patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
atrial septal defect (ASD)
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
decreased c/o
stress increases prostaglandins
Patent Ductus Arteriosus* - ✔✔failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth, resulting in
an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta
Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Symptoms - ✔✔May be asymptomatic
Characteristic murmur
,Tachypnea, tachycardia, poor feeding
Wide pulse pressures, bounding pulses, palmar pulses, hypotension
Growth restriction
May develop CHF, at risk for endocarditis and long-term pulmonary vasculature changes
Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Treatment - ✔✔anti-prostaglandins (preemies)
-Indocin (side effects)
-Ibuprofen
non-surgical
-coil placed via cardiac cath
surgical
-ligation, clip
Atrial Septal Defect* - ✔✔flaw in the septum that divides the two atria of the heart
Atrial Septal Defect: Symptoms - ✔✔May be asymptomatic
Characteristic murmur
Dyspnea
Pulmonary congestion
Growth restriction
Risk for CHF, endocarditis, pulmonary vasculature disease
Risk for dysrhythmias
Atrial Septal Defect: Treatment - ✔✔may close spontaneously
-consider closure intervention by age 4, earlier if CHF
,non-surgical
-septal implant
surgical
-purse string, Dacron patch
Ventricular Septal Defect* - ✔✔large hole between two ventricles lets venous blood pass from
the right to the left ventricle and out to the aorta without oxygenation
Ventricular Septal Defect: Symptoms - ✔✔May be asymptomatic
Characteristic murmur
Increased respiratory infections
Pulmonary congestion with eventual pulmonary vascular disease
Risk of CHF, endocarditis
Risk of dysrhythmias
Ventricular Septal Defect: Treatment - ✔✔monitor if asymptomatic, may close spontaneously
in first year
-treat if poor growth, or s/s CHF
non-surgical
-septal implant
surgical
-purse string, patch
Obstructions to Blood Flow - ✔✔coarctation of the aorta (COA)
, aortic stenosis (AS)
pulmonic stenosis (PS)
-pulmonic atresia
Coarctation of Aorta - ✔✔congenital cardiac condition characterized by a narrowing of the
aorta
Coarctation of Aorta: Symptoms - ✔✔May initially be asymptomatic initially but constriction is
progressive
Higher blood pressure and bounding pulses above defect, weak pulses and lower blood
pressure below
May have murmur, thrill
Decreased CO and CHF - may deteriorate rapidly
Risk for aortic aneurysm and rupture
Coarctation of Aorta: Treatment - ✔✔non-surgical
-balloon dilation (palliative)
surgical
-anastomosis, graft
Aortic Stenosis - ✔✔narrowing of the aorta
valvular
sub valvular
supravalvular
Aortic Stenosis: Symptoms - ✔✔May be asymptomatic - can also be progressive
Latest Edition
Fetal Heart Develops - ✔✔at 3-8 weeks
Fetal Cardiac Shunts - ✔✔foramen oval
ductus arteriosus
ductus venosus
Foramen Ovale - ✔✔connects the two atria in the fetal heart
Ductus Arteriosus - ✔✔connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the lungs
Ductus Venosus - ✔✔connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver
Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow - ✔✔patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
atrial septal defect (ASD)
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
decreased c/o
stress increases prostaglandins
Patent Ductus Arteriosus* - ✔✔failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth, resulting in
an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta
Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Symptoms - ✔✔May be asymptomatic
Characteristic murmur
,Tachypnea, tachycardia, poor feeding
Wide pulse pressures, bounding pulses, palmar pulses, hypotension
Growth restriction
May develop CHF, at risk for endocarditis and long-term pulmonary vasculature changes
Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Treatment - ✔✔anti-prostaglandins (preemies)
-Indocin (side effects)
-Ibuprofen
non-surgical
-coil placed via cardiac cath
surgical
-ligation, clip
Atrial Septal Defect* - ✔✔flaw in the septum that divides the two atria of the heart
Atrial Septal Defect: Symptoms - ✔✔May be asymptomatic
Characteristic murmur
Dyspnea
Pulmonary congestion
Growth restriction
Risk for CHF, endocarditis, pulmonary vasculature disease
Risk for dysrhythmias
Atrial Septal Defect: Treatment - ✔✔may close spontaneously
-consider closure intervention by age 4, earlier if CHF
,non-surgical
-septal implant
surgical
-purse string, Dacron patch
Ventricular Septal Defect* - ✔✔large hole between two ventricles lets venous blood pass from
the right to the left ventricle and out to the aorta without oxygenation
Ventricular Septal Defect: Symptoms - ✔✔May be asymptomatic
Characteristic murmur
Increased respiratory infections
Pulmonary congestion with eventual pulmonary vascular disease
Risk of CHF, endocarditis
Risk of dysrhythmias
Ventricular Septal Defect: Treatment - ✔✔monitor if asymptomatic, may close spontaneously
in first year
-treat if poor growth, or s/s CHF
non-surgical
-septal implant
surgical
-purse string, patch
Obstructions to Blood Flow - ✔✔coarctation of the aorta (COA)
, aortic stenosis (AS)
pulmonic stenosis (PS)
-pulmonic atresia
Coarctation of Aorta - ✔✔congenital cardiac condition characterized by a narrowing of the
aorta
Coarctation of Aorta: Symptoms - ✔✔May initially be asymptomatic initially but constriction is
progressive
Higher blood pressure and bounding pulses above defect, weak pulses and lower blood
pressure below
May have murmur, thrill
Decreased CO and CHF - may deteriorate rapidly
Risk for aortic aneurysm and rupture
Coarctation of Aorta: Treatment - ✔✔non-surgical
-balloon dilation (palliative)
surgical
-anastomosis, graft
Aortic Stenosis - ✔✔narrowing of the aorta
valvular
sub valvular
supravalvular
Aortic Stenosis: Symptoms - ✔✔May be asymptomatic - can also be progressive
