NSG 533 Advanced Pathophysiology
Exam 2 Questions With Complete
Solutions|Sure to pass|Already Graded
A+|Latest 2025-2026 release
1. What is one of the most common types of hereditary cancer? Breast and ovarian
cancer
2. Familial cancers suggest a clustering of cancers that likely occurred by chance. How is
this explained? There may be a combination of genetic and non-genetic (i.e.,
environmental) factors that contributed to the development of cancers within a family. i.e.
smoking, obesity
3. True or False. In familial cancer, an alteration in a single major gene is typically
identified. False. In familial cancer, an alteration in a single major gene is unlikely or
not identified
4. What are four examples of environmental factors that may influence cancer risk? Diet,
lifestyle, sun exposure, hormonal responses
5. What are the three defining characteristics of cancer cells? Dysregulated growth - this
factor alone does not cause malignancy; ability to invade and metastasize are of equal
pathophysiologic importance
6. Capacity for local invasion
7. Metastasis
8. Up to ____% of cancers are linked to environmental factors. 90%
9. Bening tumor or malignant tumor?
10. Slow growth Benign tumor
11. Which population is particularly at risk in developing cancer related to immunologic
factors? Kidney transplants - greater risk of developing cancer after having a
transplant and having been on long-term immunosuppression.
12. Bening tumor or malignant tumor?
13. Defined capsule Benign tumor
1
,14. Bening tumor or malignant tumor?
15. Not invasive Benign tumor
16. Bening tumor or malignant tumor?
17. Well differentiated - resembles tissue from which they arose Benign tumor
18. Bening tumor or malignant tumor?
19. Low mitotic index (few dividing cells) Benign tumor
20. Bening tumor or malignant tumor?
21. Do not metastasize Benign tumor
22. Bening tumor or malignant tumor?
23. Metastasize Malignant tumor
24. Bening tumor or malignant tumor?
25. Rapid uncontrolled
26. growth Malignant tumor
27. Bening tumor or malignant tumor?
28. Not encapsulated Malignant tumor
29. Bening tumor or malignant tumor?
30. Invasive Malignant tumor
31. Bening tumor or malignant tumor?
32. Poorly differentiated - May not be able to determine tissue of origin Malignant
tumor
33. Bening tumor or malignant tumor?
34. High mitotic index
35. (Many dividing cells) Malignant tumor
36. What are three cytological changes seen in cancer cells? Increased size and number of
nucleoli due to increased activity of tumor cells
2
,37. Increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio—larger nucleus reflects increased activity and/or
more genetic information
38. Altered cytoskeleton—changes contribute to increased motility & variable sizes and
shape (pleomorphism
39. What are six aspects of altered cell growth in cancer cells?
40. DRILLL Immortality—cancer cells proliferate indefinitely
41. Decreased requirement for serum, suggesting autonomous synthesis & secretion of
growth factors
42. Loss of anchorage-dependent growth—cancer cells grow in soft agar
43. Loss of cell cycle control—cancer cells do not progress normally through cell cycle
pathways & checkpoints
44. Reduced apoptosis—cancer cells are less susceptible to programmed cell death
45. Changes in the cell membrane with cancer New surface antigens—cancer and
transformed cells exhibit new molecules on the surface
46. New or altered glycoproteins—transformed cells have profound changes in glycoproteins
47. New or altered glycolipids—content and complexity of glycolipids are reduced in
transformed cells
Insoluble fiber does NOT dissolve in water, remains mostly intact as it decreases the time
for food and feces to traverse the intestines, adds bulk to diet and helps prevent
constipation
48. beneficial effects of bulk forming and osmotic products can be expected within 24-72
hrs
49. Fluid intake for men 3.7L/day
50. Fluid intake for women 2.7L/day
51. Primary pharm agent for relief of constipation oral laxatives
52. Pts w OIC who are refractory to traditional laxatives should be treated w μ-opioid
receptor antagonists (mu)
53. naldemedine, naloxegol, methylnaltrexone
3
, 54. Bulk producers MOA act by swelling in intestinal fluid, forming a gel that aids in fecal
elimination and promoting peristalsis
55. may cause gas, bloating, distention, abd cramping
56. Bulk forming or fiber laxatives must be taken with sufficient water to avoid
becoming lodged in esophagus and producing obstruction or worsening constipation
57. Bulk producers are derived naturally (psyllium)
58. semisynthetic (polycarbophil)
59. synthetic (methylcellulose) fiber supplements
60. Osmotics/osmolar sugars lactulose, sorbital, glycerin
61. Osmotics MOA cause water to enter the lumen of the colon, may stimulate
peristalsis
62. Lactulose MOA Acidifies colonic contents, increases water content of stool, &
softens stool
63. glycerin causes local irritation and possesses hyperosmotic action, may be given
rectally
64. sorbitol can cause intestinal irritation and may affect blood glucose levels in DM
65. Osmotic agent SEs gas, abd cramping, bloaring
66. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 3350 Miralax, used to tx occasional constipation and
expected to produce a BM in 1-3 days
67. PEG 3350 w electrolytes GoLYTELY, colyte
68. used for acute complete bowel evacuation prior to GI exam
can cause N and distention
1. How does Heterogeneity of tumor affect metastasis?Each cell within tumor mass is not
equal in metabolic needs, resistance to treatment, etc.
2. What signaling protein allows for endothelial cells to migrate to growing tumors??
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulates migration of endothelial cells
3. Which pro-angiogenic growth factor is over expressed in a wide range of solid tumors?
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
4. Overexpression of what protein in cancer cells breaks down EC matrix and basement
membranes and is associated with decreased survival Matrix metalloproteinases
(MMP) are proteolytic enzymes that degrade EC matrix and basement membrane
4
Exam 2 Questions With Complete
Solutions|Sure to pass|Already Graded
A+|Latest 2025-2026 release
1. What is one of the most common types of hereditary cancer? Breast and ovarian
cancer
2. Familial cancers suggest a clustering of cancers that likely occurred by chance. How is
this explained? There may be a combination of genetic and non-genetic (i.e.,
environmental) factors that contributed to the development of cancers within a family. i.e.
smoking, obesity
3. True or False. In familial cancer, an alteration in a single major gene is typically
identified. False. In familial cancer, an alteration in a single major gene is unlikely or
not identified
4. What are four examples of environmental factors that may influence cancer risk? Diet,
lifestyle, sun exposure, hormonal responses
5. What are the three defining characteristics of cancer cells? Dysregulated growth - this
factor alone does not cause malignancy; ability to invade and metastasize are of equal
pathophysiologic importance
6. Capacity for local invasion
7. Metastasis
8. Up to ____% of cancers are linked to environmental factors. 90%
9. Bening tumor or malignant tumor?
10. Slow growth Benign tumor
11. Which population is particularly at risk in developing cancer related to immunologic
factors? Kidney transplants - greater risk of developing cancer after having a
transplant and having been on long-term immunosuppression.
12. Bening tumor or malignant tumor?
13. Defined capsule Benign tumor
1
,14. Bening tumor or malignant tumor?
15. Not invasive Benign tumor
16. Bening tumor or malignant tumor?
17. Well differentiated - resembles tissue from which they arose Benign tumor
18. Bening tumor or malignant tumor?
19. Low mitotic index (few dividing cells) Benign tumor
20. Bening tumor or malignant tumor?
21. Do not metastasize Benign tumor
22. Bening tumor or malignant tumor?
23. Metastasize Malignant tumor
24. Bening tumor or malignant tumor?
25. Rapid uncontrolled
26. growth Malignant tumor
27. Bening tumor or malignant tumor?
28. Not encapsulated Malignant tumor
29. Bening tumor or malignant tumor?
30. Invasive Malignant tumor
31. Bening tumor or malignant tumor?
32. Poorly differentiated - May not be able to determine tissue of origin Malignant
tumor
33. Bening tumor or malignant tumor?
34. High mitotic index
35. (Many dividing cells) Malignant tumor
36. What are three cytological changes seen in cancer cells? Increased size and number of
nucleoli due to increased activity of tumor cells
2
,37. Increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio—larger nucleus reflects increased activity and/or
more genetic information
38. Altered cytoskeleton—changes contribute to increased motility & variable sizes and
shape (pleomorphism
39. What are six aspects of altered cell growth in cancer cells?
40. DRILLL Immortality—cancer cells proliferate indefinitely
41. Decreased requirement for serum, suggesting autonomous synthesis & secretion of
growth factors
42. Loss of anchorage-dependent growth—cancer cells grow in soft agar
43. Loss of cell cycle control—cancer cells do not progress normally through cell cycle
pathways & checkpoints
44. Reduced apoptosis—cancer cells are less susceptible to programmed cell death
45. Changes in the cell membrane with cancer New surface antigens—cancer and
transformed cells exhibit new molecules on the surface
46. New or altered glycoproteins—transformed cells have profound changes in glycoproteins
47. New or altered glycolipids—content and complexity of glycolipids are reduced in
transformed cells
Insoluble fiber does NOT dissolve in water, remains mostly intact as it decreases the time
for food and feces to traverse the intestines, adds bulk to diet and helps prevent
constipation
48. beneficial effects of bulk forming and osmotic products can be expected within 24-72
hrs
49. Fluid intake for men 3.7L/day
50. Fluid intake for women 2.7L/day
51. Primary pharm agent for relief of constipation oral laxatives
52. Pts w OIC who are refractory to traditional laxatives should be treated w μ-opioid
receptor antagonists (mu)
53. naldemedine, naloxegol, methylnaltrexone
3
, 54. Bulk producers MOA act by swelling in intestinal fluid, forming a gel that aids in fecal
elimination and promoting peristalsis
55. may cause gas, bloating, distention, abd cramping
56. Bulk forming or fiber laxatives must be taken with sufficient water to avoid
becoming lodged in esophagus and producing obstruction or worsening constipation
57. Bulk producers are derived naturally (psyllium)
58. semisynthetic (polycarbophil)
59. synthetic (methylcellulose) fiber supplements
60. Osmotics/osmolar sugars lactulose, sorbital, glycerin
61. Osmotics MOA cause water to enter the lumen of the colon, may stimulate
peristalsis
62. Lactulose MOA Acidifies colonic contents, increases water content of stool, &
softens stool
63. glycerin causes local irritation and possesses hyperosmotic action, may be given
rectally
64. sorbitol can cause intestinal irritation and may affect blood glucose levels in DM
65. Osmotic agent SEs gas, abd cramping, bloaring
66. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 3350 Miralax, used to tx occasional constipation and
expected to produce a BM in 1-3 days
67. PEG 3350 w electrolytes GoLYTELY, colyte
68. used for acute complete bowel evacuation prior to GI exam
can cause N and distention
1. How does Heterogeneity of tumor affect metastasis?Each cell within tumor mass is not
equal in metabolic needs, resistance to treatment, etc.
2. What signaling protein allows for endothelial cells to migrate to growing tumors??
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulates migration of endothelial cells
3. Which pro-angiogenic growth factor is over expressed in a wide range of solid tumors?
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
4. Overexpression of what protein in cancer cells breaks down EC matrix and basement
membranes and is associated with decreased survival Matrix metalloproteinases
(MMP) are proteolytic enzymes that degrade EC matrix and basement membrane
4
