HESI RN ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (2025\2026) REAL
QUESTIONS & CORRECT ANSWERS
An initial disturbance in a system sets off a chain of events that does not favor stability and often
abruptly displaces a system from its steady state: what is that?
a. Positive Feedback
b. Negative Feedback
c. Disease
d. Homeostasis - correct answera. positive feedback
What organ shrinks with age?
a. Prostate
b. Gums
c. Heart
d. All of the above - correct answerb. gums
Which of the following is true?
a. An infant will have a slower heart rate than an adult
b. The elderly have better temperature sensations
c. There are more sweat glands in an elderly person
d. There is less thirst perception in the elderly - correct answerd. there is less thirst perception in the
elderly
Which of the following is true?
a. Women snore more than men
b. Men have higher calcium levels
c. Women have a lower hemoglobin than men
,d. Men have a lower creatinine level than women - correct answerc. Women have a lower hemoglobin
than men
An increase in normal adaptive response to the decreased availability of oxygen at high altitude is
termed which?
a. Circadian
b. Acclimatization
c. Population
d. Diurnal - correct answerb. Acclimatization
What does it mean when the cause of the disease is unwanted medical treatment?
a. Idiopathic
b. Ecogenetic
c. Genotypical
d. Iatrogenic - correct answerd. Iatrogenic
Which term is used for the first two months of life?
a. Infancy
b. Childhood
c. Prenatal
d. Neonatal - correct answerd. Neonatal
Which is an objectively identifiable aberration of the disease?
a. Symptom
b. Syndrome
c. Stage
d. Sign - correct answerd. Sign
Which of the following is true regarding catecholamines?
,a. They are from the parasympathetic nervous system
b. They cross the blood brain barrier
c. They include epinephrine and norepinephrine
d. They cause of decrease in heart rate - correct answerc. They include epinephrine and norepinephrine
Which of the following is a true statement?
a. Antidiuretic hormone is not important for blood volume regulation
b. Endorphins increase with stress, resulting in a decrease in pain perception
c. Epinephrine and cortisol act very differently
d. Cortisol negates epinephrine's activity - correct answerb. Endorphins increase with stress, resulting in a
decrease in pain perception
By what mechanism do lipid molecules cross cell membranes?
a. They use channel proteins as a membrane transport system
b. They are transported across the plasma membrane by endocytosis and exocytosis
c. They use voltage-gated ion channels
d. They cross by diffusion - correct answerd. They cross by diffusion
Which of the following metabolic processes is a component of anabolic metabolism?
a. Protein synthesis
b. Glycolysis
c. Citric acid cycle
d. Oxidative phosphorylation - correct answera. Protein synthesis
Which of the following electrochemical mechanism is responsible for maintaining cell volume?
a. The calcium pump
b. Glucose transporters
c. The sodium-potassium pump
d. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters - correct answerc. The sodium-potassium pump
, Cellular hypoxia results in:
a. Enhanced ATP activity
b. Loss of intracellular calcium
c. Increased pH
d. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump - correct answerd. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump
A 75 yo woman develops weakness in her lower extremities after a prolonged period of bed rest. This is
most likely caused by:
a. Atrophy of her leg muscles
b. Dysplasia of her leg muscles
c. Hypertrophy of her leg muscles
d. Hyperplasia of her leg muscles - correct answera. Atrophy of her leg muscles
Which of the following types of cellular adaption is most likely to occur from chronic ischemia?
a. Hypertrophy
b. Metaplasia
c. Atrophy
d. Hyperplasia - correct answerc. Atrophy
What is the mechanism of cellular injury that occurs when deep sea divers get 'the bends'?
a. Free radicals form abnormal chemical bonds which destroy the cellular membranes
b. Carbon monoxide binds tightly to hemoglobin, preventing the RBCs from carrying O2
c. Intracellular calcium accumlation create muscle tetany
d. Gas bubbles from in the blood, blocking circulation and resulting in ischemia - correct answerd. Gas
bubbles from in the blood, blocking circulation and resulting in ischemia
Which type of cellular adaption would create the greatest concern if found on a biopsy report?
a. Dysplasia
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (2025\2026) REAL
QUESTIONS & CORRECT ANSWERS
An initial disturbance in a system sets off a chain of events that does not favor stability and often
abruptly displaces a system from its steady state: what is that?
a. Positive Feedback
b. Negative Feedback
c. Disease
d. Homeostasis - correct answera. positive feedback
What organ shrinks with age?
a. Prostate
b. Gums
c. Heart
d. All of the above - correct answerb. gums
Which of the following is true?
a. An infant will have a slower heart rate than an adult
b. The elderly have better temperature sensations
c. There are more sweat glands in an elderly person
d. There is less thirst perception in the elderly - correct answerd. there is less thirst perception in the
elderly
Which of the following is true?
a. Women snore more than men
b. Men have higher calcium levels
c. Women have a lower hemoglobin than men
,d. Men have a lower creatinine level than women - correct answerc. Women have a lower hemoglobin
than men
An increase in normal adaptive response to the decreased availability of oxygen at high altitude is
termed which?
a. Circadian
b. Acclimatization
c. Population
d. Diurnal - correct answerb. Acclimatization
What does it mean when the cause of the disease is unwanted medical treatment?
a. Idiopathic
b. Ecogenetic
c. Genotypical
d. Iatrogenic - correct answerd. Iatrogenic
Which term is used for the first two months of life?
a. Infancy
b. Childhood
c. Prenatal
d. Neonatal - correct answerd. Neonatal
Which is an objectively identifiable aberration of the disease?
a. Symptom
b. Syndrome
c. Stage
d. Sign - correct answerd. Sign
Which of the following is true regarding catecholamines?
,a. They are from the parasympathetic nervous system
b. They cross the blood brain barrier
c. They include epinephrine and norepinephrine
d. They cause of decrease in heart rate - correct answerc. They include epinephrine and norepinephrine
Which of the following is a true statement?
a. Antidiuretic hormone is not important for blood volume regulation
b. Endorphins increase with stress, resulting in a decrease in pain perception
c. Epinephrine and cortisol act very differently
d. Cortisol negates epinephrine's activity - correct answerb. Endorphins increase with stress, resulting in a
decrease in pain perception
By what mechanism do lipid molecules cross cell membranes?
a. They use channel proteins as a membrane transport system
b. They are transported across the plasma membrane by endocytosis and exocytosis
c. They use voltage-gated ion channels
d. They cross by diffusion - correct answerd. They cross by diffusion
Which of the following metabolic processes is a component of anabolic metabolism?
a. Protein synthesis
b. Glycolysis
c. Citric acid cycle
d. Oxidative phosphorylation - correct answera. Protein synthesis
Which of the following electrochemical mechanism is responsible for maintaining cell volume?
a. The calcium pump
b. Glucose transporters
c. The sodium-potassium pump
d. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters - correct answerc. The sodium-potassium pump
, Cellular hypoxia results in:
a. Enhanced ATP activity
b. Loss of intracellular calcium
c. Increased pH
d. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump - correct answerd. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump
A 75 yo woman develops weakness in her lower extremities after a prolonged period of bed rest. This is
most likely caused by:
a. Atrophy of her leg muscles
b. Dysplasia of her leg muscles
c. Hypertrophy of her leg muscles
d. Hyperplasia of her leg muscles - correct answera. Atrophy of her leg muscles
Which of the following types of cellular adaption is most likely to occur from chronic ischemia?
a. Hypertrophy
b. Metaplasia
c. Atrophy
d. Hyperplasia - correct answerc. Atrophy
What is the mechanism of cellular injury that occurs when deep sea divers get 'the bends'?
a. Free radicals form abnormal chemical bonds which destroy the cellular membranes
b. Carbon monoxide binds tightly to hemoglobin, preventing the RBCs from carrying O2
c. Intracellular calcium accumlation create muscle tetany
d. Gas bubbles from in the blood, blocking circulation and resulting in ischemia - correct answerd. Gas
bubbles from in the blood, blocking circulation and resulting in ischemia
Which type of cellular adaption would create the greatest concern if found on a biopsy report?
a. Dysplasia
