MCAT BIOLOGY CAP 2. REPRODUCTION (2025-2026)
1. Autosomal cells in animals are(ANSWER) Diploip (2n)
@#
2. Diploid (2n)(ANSWER) Two copies of each chromosome $%
^&
*()
3. Germ cells are(ANSWER) Haploid (n) _
4. Haploid (n)(ANSWER) One copy of each chromosome
5. Amount of chromosome in humans(ANSWER) 46, 23 from each parent
6. Cell cycle(ANSWER) Series of phases during which a cell grows, synthesizes DNA, and divides
7. Four stages of the cell cycle(ANSWER) G1, S, G2, and M
8. Phases that constitute the interface(ANSWER) G1, S, and G2
9. Interphase(ANSWER) Long part of the cell cycle, is actively diving cells
10. G0 stage(ANSWER) Cell is simply living and serving its function, without any preparation for division
11. Chromatin(ANSWER) Uncoiled or less condensed form of DNA, are not visible with light microscopy
12. Why during interphase the DNA is a form know as chomatin?(ANSWER) Beacause the DNA must be
avaible to RNA polymerase so that genes can be transcribed
13. During mitosis, how should DNA be?(ANSWER) Is preferable to condense the DNA into tighly coiled
chromosomes to avoid losing any genetic material during cell division
14. G1 stage(ANSWER) Presynthetic gap
15. What happen during the G1 stage?(ANSWER) Cells create organelles for energy and protein production, while increasing
their size
16. First organelles created during G1 stage(ANSWER) Mitochondria, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticu- lum
17. Restriction point in cell cycle(ANSWER) Certain criteria that cell should accomplish to pass to the S stage, such as containing the
proper complement of DNA
18. S stage(ANSWER) Synthesis of DNA
19. What happen during the S stage?(ANSWER) Cell replicate it genetic material so that each daughter cell will have identical
copies
sist of two identical
, MCAT BIOLOGY CAP 2. REPRODUCTION (2025-2026)
20. After replication of the DNA (ANSWER) Each
chromosome con chromatids, that bound together at a specialized region known as the centromere
@#
21. Composition of a chromatid(ANSWER) Each have a complete double-stranded molecule of DNA
$%
^&
*()
22. G2 stage(ANSWER) Postsynthetic Gap _
23. What happen during the G2 stage?(ANSWER) Cell passes through another quality control cheackpoint. DNA has already been
duplicated, and the cell checks to ensure that there are enough organelles and cytoplasm for two daughter cells.
, MCAT BIOLOGY CAP 2. REPRODUCTION (2025-2026)
@#
24. Why is necessary the G2 stage?(ANSWER) To avoid passing on an error to daughter cells $%
^&
*()
25. M stage(ANSWER) Mitosis _
26. What happen during the M stage?(ANSWER) Mitosis itself along with cytokinesis
27. Four phases of mitosis(ANSWER) Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
28. Cytokinesis(ANSWER) Splitting of the cytoplasm and organelles between the two daughter cells
29. Division in autosomal cells(ANSWER) Two genetically identical daughter cells
30. Division in germ cells(ANSWER) Daughter cells are not equivalent
31. Cancer-causing genes(ANSWER) Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
32. Oncogenes(ANSWER) Genes that, when mutated, actively promote cel division
33. Tumor suppressors(ANSWER) Genes that, when mutated, lose their ability to regulate or arrest the cell cycle
34. Control checkpoints of cell cycle(ANSWER) Between G1 and S phase, and G2 and M phase
35. G1/S checkpoint or Restriction point(ANSWER) Cell determines if DNA is in good condition for synthesis
36. G1/S checkpoint or Restriction point control protein(ANSWER) p53
37. What happens if the DNA have been damage?(ANSWER) Cell cycle goes into arrest until the DNA has been repaired,
controlled by p53
38. G2/M checkpoint(ANSWER) The cell makes sure that it has achieved adequate size and the organelles have been properly repliated
to support two daughter cells
39. Molecules responsible for cell cycle(ANSWER) Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)
40. Explain the activation of CDKs(ANSWER) CDKs requieres the presences of the right cyclin to activate, the cyclin bind to CDKs and
creating an activated CDK-cyclin complex
41. What is the CDKs function?(ANSWER) Phosphorylate transcription factors
42. Transcription factors(ANSWER) Promote transcription of genes required for the next stage of the cell cycle
43. Cancer is a results of (ANSWER) Absence of cell cycle control, allowing the mitosis of
1. Autosomal cells in animals are(ANSWER) Diploip (2n)
@#
2. Diploid (2n)(ANSWER) Two copies of each chromosome $%
^&
*()
3. Germ cells are(ANSWER) Haploid (n) _
4. Haploid (n)(ANSWER) One copy of each chromosome
5. Amount of chromosome in humans(ANSWER) 46, 23 from each parent
6. Cell cycle(ANSWER) Series of phases during which a cell grows, synthesizes DNA, and divides
7. Four stages of the cell cycle(ANSWER) G1, S, G2, and M
8. Phases that constitute the interface(ANSWER) G1, S, and G2
9. Interphase(ANSWER) Long part of the cell cycle, is actively diving cells
10. G0 stage(ANSWER) Cell is simply living and serving its function, without any preparation for division
11. Chromatin(ANSWER) Uncoiled or less condensed form of DNA, are not visible with light microscopy
12. Why during interphase the DNA is a form know as chomatin?(ANSWER) Beacause the DNA must be
avaible to RNA polymerase so that genes can be transcribed
13. During mitosis, how should DNA be?(ANSWER) Is preferable to condense the DNA into tighly coiled
chromosomes to avoid losing any genetic material during cell division
14. G1 stage(ANSWER) Presynthetic gap
15. What happen during the G1 stage?(ANSWER) Cells create organelles for energy and protein production, while increasing
their size
16. First organelles created during G1 stage(ANSWER) Mitochondria, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticu- lum
17. Restriction point in cell cycle(ANSWER) Certain criteria that cell should accomplish to pass to the S stage, such as containing the
proper complement of DNA
18. S stage(ANSWER) Synthesis of DNA
19. What happen during the S stage?(ANSWER) Cell replicate it genetic material so that each daughter cell will have identical
copies
sist of two identical
, MCAT BIOLOGY CAP 2. REPRODUCTION (2025-2026)
20. After replication of the DNA (ANSWER) Each
chromosome con chromatids, that bound together at a specialized region known as the centromere
@#
21. Composition of a chromatid(ANSWER) Each have a complete double-stranded molecule of DNA
$%
^&
*()
22. G2 stage(ANSWER) Postsynthetic Gap _
23. What happen during the G2 stage?(ANSWER) Cell passes through another quality control cheackpoint. DNA has already been
duplicated, and the cell checks to ensure that there are enough organelles and cytoplasm for two daughter cells.
, MCAT BIOLOGY CAP 2. REPRODUCTION (2025-2026)
@#
24. Why is necessary the G2 stage?(ANSWER) To avoid passing on an error to daughter cells $%
^&
*()
25. M stage(ANSWER) Mitosis _
26. What happen during the M stage?(ANSWER) Mitosis itself along with cytokinesis
27. Four phases of mitosis(ANSWER) Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
28. Cytokinesis(ANSWER) Splitting of the cytoplasm and organelles between the two daughter cells
29. Division in autosomal cells(ANSWER) Two genetically identical daughter cells
30. Division in germ cells(ANSWER) Daughter cells are not equivalent
31. Cancer-causing genes(ANSWER) Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
32. Oncogenes(ANSWER) Genes that, when mutated, actively promote cel division
33. Tumor suppressors(ANSWER) Genes that, when mutated, lose their ability to regulate or arrest the cell cycle
34. Control checkpoints of cell cycle(ANSWER) Between G1 and S phase, and G2 and M phase
35. G1/S checkpoint or Restriction point(ANSWER) Cell determines if DNA is in good condition for synthesis
36. G1/S checkpoint or Restriction point control protein(ANSWER) p53
37. What happens if the DNA have been damage?(ANSWER) Cell cycle goes into arrest until the DNA has been repaired,
controlled by p53
38. G2/M checkpoint(ANSWER) The cell makes sure that it has achieved adequate size and the organelles have been properly repliated
to support two daughter cells
39. Molecules responsible for cell cycle(ANSWER) Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)
40. Explain the activation of CDKs(ANSWER) CDKs requieres the presences of the right cyclin to activate, the cyclin bind to CDKs and
creating an activated CDK-cyclin complex
41. What is the CDKs function?(ANSWER) Phosphorylate transcription factors
42. Transcription factors(ANSWER) Promote transcription of genes required for the next stage of the cell cycle
43. Cancer is a results of (ANSWER) Absence of cell cycle control, allowing the mitosis of
