NSNE 7100 Exam Questions With Complete Solutions
Key changes to maternal respiratory system during pregnancy.
Why do these changes occur?
- RR stays stable but breathing becomes more efficient (to meet
increased metabolic demands, we need more O2)
- increased vascularity in upper airways causing stuffiness/nose
bleeding (d/t the progesterone)
Key changes to breasts during pregnancy. Why do these changes
occur?
- increased fullness
- heightened sensitivity
- tenderness, heaviness
- stretch marks
- colostrum present by 2nd trimester
- nipples and areolae become more pigmented and enlarge
- d/t increased estrogen and progesterone
- prolactin, progesterone and hPL stimulate development and
differentiate of alveolar cells to make colostrum for baby
Key changes to maternal GI system during pregnancy. Why do
these changes occur?
- N/V
- delayed emptying of stomach
- acid reflux, heartburn
- decreased tone and motility in intestines
,- constipation
- progesterone is responsible for the decreased tone and motility
of SM in the GI tract causing all of the above
Key changes to the maternal renal system during pregnancy.
Why do they occur?
- elevated GFR (d/t incr blood volume)
- dilation of ureters--> larger volume of urine held in them and
flow rate is decreased
- greater risk of UTIs
- urinary frequency and urgency in early and late pregnancy
- estrogen and progesterone affecting bladder SM contractility
Key changes to maternal reproductive system during pregnancy.
Why do these changes occur?
- continued uterine growth
- braxton hicks contractions during 3rd trimester
- hegars, goodell, chadwicks signs (violet/blue color caused by
increased vascularity)
- thick and white vaginal secretions (preparing vagina for
stretching)
- more acidic vaginal secretions (prevent ascending infx)
- ovulation stops, periods stop
- d/t high levels of estrogen and progesterone
Key changes to maternal musculoskeletal system during
pregnancy. Why do these changes occur?
,- pelvis tilts forward
- shift in centre of gravity
- lordosis (increase in lumbar-sacral curve
- loosening of ligaments and jts in pelvis and hips- cause back
pain
- hormones are loosening ligaments to facilitate birth
Recommended supplements for mom to take while pregnant
- folic acid
- omega 3 fatty acids
- vitamin D
Why is folic acid important during pregnancy? Dietary sources?
lowers the risk of birth defects in the brain and spine, important
for healthy growth and development
- 600mcg daily
meat, fortified cereals, legumes, green veg, oranges
- often supplemented
Why are omega-3 fatty acids important during pregnancy?
Dietary sources?
they help build baby's brain, nervous system and eyesight
fatty fish like salmon, walnuts, chia or hemp seeds, omega-3
fortified foods like eggs/yogurt/soy beverage
Why are iron and vitamin B12 important during pregnancy?
Dietary sources?
, they help build new RBCs, build iron stores in baby and helps
with DNA/CNS development and creation
green veg, whole grains, legumes, foods fortified with B12 or
iron
What foods should be avoided during pregnancy?
- caffeine
- soft, unpasteurized cheeses
- deli products
- eggs (unless THOROUGHLY cooked)
- energy drinks
- fish high in mercury (in moderation its good omega-3)
- herbal teas
- liver
- pre-packaged raw veg, fruits and salads (can carry harmful
bacteria, wash thoroughly)
What is the goal of prenatal education?
- promote health
- provide information to encourage informed decision making
- prepare the person and their people for labour/birth
- support the transition to parenting
- begin education about infant feeding
- classes/groups create sense of normalcy and community
What are the various options of prenatal education?
- individual
- in classes, groups
Key changes to maternal respiratory system during pregnancy.
Why do these changes occur?
- RR stays stable but breathing becomes more efficient (to meet
increased metabolic demands, we need more O2)
- increased vascularity in upper airways causing stuffiness/nose
bleeding (d/t the progesterone)
Key changes to breasts during pregnancy. Why do these changes
occur?
- increased fullness
- heightened sensitivity
- tenderness, heaviness
- stretch marks
- colostrum present by 2nd trimester
- nipples and areolae become more pigmented and enlarge
- d/t increased estrogen and progesterone
- prolactin, progesterone and hPL stimulate development and
differentiate of alveolar cells to make colostrum for baby
Key changes to maternal GI system during pregnancy. Why do
these changes occur?
- N/V
- delayed emptying of stomach
- acid reflux, heartburn
- decreased tone and motility in intestines
,- constipation
- progesterone is responsible for the decreased tone and motility
of SM in the GI tract causing all of the above
Key changes to the maternal renal system during pregnancy.
Why do they occur?
- elevated GFR (d/t incr blood volume)
- dilation of ureters--> larger volume of urine held in them and
flow rate is decreased
- greater risk of UTIs
- urinary frequency and urgency in early and late pregnancy
- estrogen and progesterone affecting bladder SM contractility
Key changes to maternal reproductive system during pregnancy.
Why do these changes occur?
- continued uterine growth
- braxton hicks contractions during 3rd trimester
- hegars, goodell, chadwicks signs (violet/blue color caused by
increased vascularity)
- thick and white vaginal secretions (preparing vagina for
stretching)
- more acidic vaginal secretions (prevent ascending infx)
- ovulation stops, periods stop
- d/t high levels of estrogen and progesterone
Key changes to maternal musculoskeletal system during
pregnancy. Why do these changes occur?
,- pelvis tilts forward
- shift in centre of gravity
- lordosis (increase in lumbar-sacral curve
- loosening of ligaments and jts in pelvis and hips- cause back
pain
- hormones are loosening ligaments to facilitate birth
Recommended supplements for mom to take while pregnant
- folic acid
- omega 3 fatty acids
- vitamin D
Why is folic acid important during pregnancy? Dietary sources?
lowers the risk of birth defects in the brain and spine, important
for healthy growth and development
- 600mcg daily
meat, fortified cereals, legumes, green veg, oranges
- often supplemented
Why are omega-3 fatty acids important during pregnancy?
Dietary sources?
they help build baby's brain, nervous system and eyesight
fatty fish like salmon, walnuts, chia or hemp seeds, omega-3
fortified foods like eggs/yogurt/soy beverage
Why are iron and vitamin B12 important during pregnancy?
Dietary sources?
, they help build new RBCs, build iron stores in baby and helps
with DNA/CNS development and creation
green veg, whole grains, legumes, foods fortified with B12 or
iron
What foods should be avoided during pregnancy?
- caffeine
- soft, unpasteurized cheeses
- deli products
- eggs (unless THOROUGHLY cooked)
- energy drinks
- fish high in mercury (in moderation its good omega-3)
- herbal teas
- liver
- pre-packaged raw veg, fruits and salads (can carry harmful
bacteria, wash thoroughly)
What is the goal of prenatal education?
- promote health
- provide information to encourage informed decision making
- prepare the person and their people for labour/birth
- support the transition to parenting
- begin education about infant feeding
- classes/groups create sense of normalcy and community
What are the various options of prenatal education?
- individual
- in classes, groups
