PALS 2025 verified questions and the
correct answers
Conditions that [blank] air resistance lead to increased respiratory [blank]. -
answerIncreased
Effort
What are the signs of increased respiratory effort that can lead to fatigue &
respiratory failure? - answerNasal flaring
Retractions
Head bobbing
Seesaw respirations
Determine the respiratory rate by counting the number of times the chest rises in
[blank] seconds & multiplying by [blank]. - answer30
2
Tachypnea is often the first sign of respiratory [blank] in infants. - answerDistress
What do central chemoreceptors respond to? - answerHydrogen ions in the
cerebrospinal fluid
Why may excessive ventilation during CPR be harmful? - answerIt impedes venous
return
It increases intrathoracic pressure
What should you do if you cannot achieve effective ventilation with a bag-mask
device? - answerReposition the airway
Verify the mask size
How are effective oxygenation & ventilation assessed? - answerOxygen saturation
Exhaled carbon dioxide
Visible chest rise w/ each breath
How can gastric inflation impair bag-mask ventilation? - answerIt decreases lung
compliance
What is the most appropriate precautionary action to minimize gastric inflation during
a bag-mask ventilation? - answerDeliver each breath over about 1 second
Which is true about the difference between hypoxemia & tissue hypoxia? -
answerTissue hypoxia can occur with normal arterial oxygen saturation
What does hyperventilation, which refers to increased alveolar ventilation, result in? -
answerPaCO2 less than 35 mm Hg
,What happens to the arterial oxygen level in a child w/ severe anemia? - answerMay
increase when dissolved oxygen is increased
Which is true of increased carbon dioxide tension in arterial blood? - answerMay be
caused by disordered control of breathing
What happens when ventilation is inadequate? - answerPaCO2 increases
What is a critical symptom of hypercarbia? - answerDecreased level of
consciousness
Which of the following indicates mild respiratory distress? - answerMild increase in
respiratory effort
Which of the following indicates severe respiratory distress? - answerMarked
tachypnea &/or apnea
Which of the following statements about respiratory failure is true? - answerMay
occur w/o signs of respiratory distress
Which is most likely to be present in a child who has respiratory distress [not
respiratory failure]? - answerAbility to maintain a patent airway
What steps should be taken as part of initial management of a child in respiratory
distress? - answerSupport an open airway
Monitor O2 saturation by pulse oximetry
Monitor heart rate, rhythm, & bp
Which are ideal characteristics of face masks for ventilation? - answerCovers mouth
& nose
Has a soft rim
Transparent
What is the rationale for using a transparent mask? - answerAllows you to see the
color of the child's lips
What is the function of the nonrebreathing outlet valve of a self-inflating bag? -
answerPrevents rebreathing of carbon dioxide
Which of the following is required to appropriately ventilate a child with a flow-
inflating bag? - answerTidal volume needs to be delivered at the correct rate
What should be checked to ensure proper function of a bag-mask system? -
answerThe pop-off valve can be closed
Oxygen tubing is connected to the device & the oxygen source
How is sniffing position achieved in an infant or a child? - answerEnsure that the
external ear canal is anterior to the shoulder
, Where may padding be required under when properly positioning a child older than 2
years of age to maintain a patent airway? - answerThe occiput
What actions are appropriate when providing 1-person bag-mask ventilation? -
answerPerform a head tilt, insert an oral airway, & squeeze the bag until chest rise
What does the E-C clamp technique include? - answerUsing the third, fourth, & fifth
fingers of one hand along the jaw to lift it forward
Using the thumb & index finger of the same hand to hold the face mask
When may a 2-person bag-mask technique be preferable? - answerWhen making a
seal is difficult
When there is significant airway resistance
When suctioning a patient, which of the following should be monitored? -
answerClinical appearance
Oxygen saturation
Heart rate
What should you do to help reduce the risk of hypoxemia during suctioning? -
answerLimit suction attempts to 10 seconds or less
Under what circumstance should you use an oropharyngeal airway? - answerThe
child must be unconscious
What can happen if the oropharyngeal airway is too large? - answerIt can block the
airway
When measuring for an oropharyngeal airway, it should extend from the corner of
the mouth to the angle of the [blank]. - answerJaw
The inspired oxygen concentration of a low-flow oxygen delivery system is between
[blank] % to [blank] %. - answer22
60
The appropriate flow rate for a simple mask is [blank] to [blank] L/min. - answer6
10
For a nonrebreathing mask to be effective, the oxygen flow rate must be at least
[blank] L/min. - answer10
High-flow oxygen systems reliably deliver an oxygen concentration of greater than
[blank] %. - answer60
The gas flow rate for a nebulizer treatment is [blank] to [blank] L/min. - answer5
6
What is an indication that a nebulizer treatment is complete? - answerNo mist is
visible
correct answers
Conditions that [blank] air resistance lead to increased respiratory [blank]. -
answerIncreased
Effort
What are the signs of increased respiratory effort that can lead to fatigue &
respiratory failure? - answerNasal flaring
Retractions
Head bobbing
Seesaw respirations
Determine the respiratory rate by counting the number of times the chest rises in
[blank] seconds & multiplying by [blank]. - answer30
2
Tachypnea is often the first sign of respiratory [blank] in infants. - answerDistress
What do central chemoreceptors respond to? - answerHydrogen ions in the
cerebrospinal fluid
Why may excessive ventilation during CPR be harmful? - answerIt impedes venous
return
It increases intrathoracic pressure
What should you do if you cannot achieve effective ventilation with a bag-mask
device? - answerReposition the airway
Verify the mask size
How are effective oxygenation & ventilation assessed? - answerOxygen saturation
Exhaled carbon dioxide
Visible chest rise w/ each breath
How can gastric inflation impair bag-mask ventilation? - answerIt decreases lung
compliance
What is the most appropriate precautionary action to minimize gastric inflation during
a bag-mask ventilation? - answerDeliver each breath over about 1 second
Which is true about the difference between hypoxemia & tissue hypoxia? -
answerTissue hypoxia can occur with normal arterial oxygen saturation
What does hyperventilation, which refers to increased alveolar ventilation, result in? -
answerPaCO2 less than 35 mm Hg
,What happens to the arterial oxygen level in a child w/ severe anemia? - answerMay
increase when dissolved oxygen is increased
Which is true of increased carbon dioxide tension in arterial blood? - answerMay be
caused by disordered control of breathing
What happens when ventilation is inadequate? - answerPaCO2 increases
What is a critical symptom of hypercarbia? - answerDecreased level of
consciousness
Which of the following indicates mild respiratory distress? - answerMild increase in
respiratory effort
Which of the following indicates severe respiratory distress? - answerMarked
tachypnea &/or apnea
Which of the following statements about respiratory failure is true? - answerMay
occur w/o signs of respiratory distress
Which is most likely to be present in a child who has respiratory distress [not
respiratory failure]? - answerAbility to maintain a patent airway
What steps should be taken as part of initial management of a child in respiratory
distress? - answerSupport an open airway
Monitor O2 saturation by pulse oximetry
Monitor heart rate, rhythm, & bp
Which are ideal characteristics of face masks for ventilation? - answerCovers mouth
& nose
Has a soft rim
Transparent
What is the rationale for using a transparent mask? - answerAllows you to see the
color of the child's lips
What is the function of the nonrebreathing outlet valve of a self-inflating bag? -
answerPrevents rebreathing of carbon dioxide
Which of the following is required to appropriately ventilate a child with a flow-
inflating bag? - answerTidal volume needs to be delivered at the correct rate
What should be checked to ensure proper function of a bag-mask system? -
answerThe pop-off valve can be closed
Oxygen tubing is connected to the device & the oxygen source
How is sniffing position achieved in an infant or a child? - answerEnsure that the
external ear canal is anterior to the shoulder
, Where may padding be required under when properly positioning a child older than 2
years of age to maintain a patent airway? - answerThe occiput
What actions are appropriate when providing 1-person bag-mask ventilation? -
answerPerform a head tilt, insert an oral airway, & squeeze the bag until chest rise
What does the E-C clamp technique include? - answerUsing the third, fourth, & fifth
fingers of one hand along the jaw to lift it forward
Using the thumb & index finger of the same hand to hold the face mask
When may a 2-person bag-mask technique be preferable? - answerWhen making a
seal is difficult
When there is significant airway resistance
When suctioning a patient, which of the following should be monitored? -
answerClinical appearance
Oxygen saturation
Heart rate
What should you do to help reduce the risk of hypoxemia during suctioning? -
answerLimit suction attempts to 10 seconds or less
Under what circumstance should you use an oropharyngeal airway? - answerThe
child must be unconscious
What can happen if the oropharyngeal airway is too large? - answerIt can block the
airway
When measuring for an oropharyngeal airway, it should extend from the corner of
the mouth to the angle of the [blank]. - answerJaw
The inspired oxygen concentration of a low-flow oxygen delivery system is between
[blank] % to [blank] %. - answer22
60
The appropriate flow rate for a simple mask is [blank] to [blank] L/min. - answer6
10
For a nonrebreathing mask to be effective, the oxygen flow rate must be at least
[blank] L/min. - answer10
High-flow oxygen systems reliably deliver an oxygen concentration of greater than
[blank] %. - answer60
The gas flow rate for a nebulizer treatment is [blank] to [blank] L/min. - answer5
6
What is an indication that a nebulizer treatment is complete? - answerNo mist is
visible
