INPA #2 UPDATED Questions and
CORRECT Answers
type 1 diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER - - characterized by an absence of insulin
production by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas
- onset more likely in people younger than 20
- body breaks down fat and protein as alternative for cellular energy, causing accumulation of
fatty acids and ketones
- ketones accumulate in blood making patients prone to developing ketoacidosis (makes blood
acidic)
- S/S: polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, unintended weight loss, fatigue
- when glucose becomes high, kidney excretes glucose through urine causing dehydration and
weight loss
- complications: retinopathy, neuropathy, heart attack, feet damage
type 2 diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER - - characterized by insulin resistance (due to
chronic low grade inflammation) or insufficient insulin production that may or may not result in
eventual need for insulin therapy
- beta cells of the islets of Langerhans secrete increased levels of insulin to offset hyperglycemia,
but blood glucose remains higher because there's a deficiency of transmembrane glucose
transporters
- common in aging adults, adults aged 45 to 64, and in obese children
- runs in families, and found in obese patients (especially intraabdominal obesity) that triggers
onset
- S/S: polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, blurred vision, frequent infections e.g. vaginal, skin,
urinary(blurred vision b/c of high osmotic pressure of body fluid affecting cells in lens and
retina)
- complications: retinopathy, foot damage, neuropathy, stroke
prediabetes - CORRECT ANSWER - - can lead to type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke
- overweight or obese, have one or more abnormal blood glucose level tests, e.g. hemoglobin
A1c test, fasting blood glucose
, dementia - CORRECT ANSWER - - decline in cognitive function affecting memory,
thinking, language, judgement, behaviour
- manifested by gradual, irreversible loss of intellectual abilities
- various disorders characterized by dementia: Alzheimer's, CVA, parkinson's
- caused by damage or loss of nerves that affect the connection within the brain
- risk factors: head trauma, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, toxin exposure
- s/s: short term memory loss, apraxia (impaired muscle movement), aphasia, agnosia (unable to
recognize items), behavioural changes
- can give cholinesterase inhibitors that help to improve memory and judgement
- tested with blood works, family history, physical examination
- encourage interaction during social, physical and recreational activities
- brain stimulation and engagement therapy
- prevention: less smoking, more education, healthy BP, exercise
- complications: falls, wandering, financial abuse, self neglect, bedsores
stages of dementia - CORRECT ANSWER - - early stage: difficulty concentrating,
withdrawal from friends and family, in denial about symptoms, trouble completing tasks
- middle: major memory deficiencies, needs assistance with ADLs, disoriented to time and place,
forgets names of family members, personality changes
- late: 24 hour care required, unable to communicate verbally or look after themselves
stages of Alzheimer's - CORRECT ANSWER - 1) no impairment
2) self report of memory impairment, no objective cognitive impairment noted
3) cognitive impairment noted by others, anxiety, impaired performance in demanding work and
social settings
4) withdrawal, denial, depression, inability to perform ADLs
5) disoriented to time and place, needs assistance with clothing selection
6) forgets names of spouse and family members, personality and emotional changes, inability to
perform many ADLs, agitation
CORRECT Answers
type 1 diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER - - characterized by an absence of insulin
production by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas
- onset more likely in people younger than 20
- body breaks down fat and protein as alternative for cellular energy, causing accumulation of
fatty acids and ketones
- ketones accumulate in blood making patients prone to developing ketoacidosis (makes blood
acidic)
- S/S: polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, unintended weight loss, fatigue
- when glucose becomes high, kidney excretes glucose through urine causing dehydration and
weight loss
- complications: retinopathy, neuropathy, heart attack, feet damage
type 2 diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER - - characterized by insulin resistance (due to
chronic low grade inflammation) or insufficient insulin production that may or may not result in
eventual need for insulin therapy
- beta cells of the islets of Langerhans secrete increased levels of insulin to offset hyperglycemia,
but blood glucose remains higher because there's a deficiency of transmembrane glucose
transporters
- common in aging adults, adults aged 45 to 64, and in obese children
- runs in families, and found in obese patients (especially intraabdominal obesity) that triggers
onset
- S/S: polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, blurred vision, frequent infections e.g. vaginal, skin,
urinary(blurred vision b/c of high osmotic pressure of body fluid affecting cells in lens and
retina)
- complications: retinopathy, foot damage, neuropathy, stroke
prediabetes - CORRECT ANSWER - - can lead to type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke
- overweight or obese, have one or more abnormal blood glucose level tests, e.g. hemoglobin
A1c test, fasting blood glucose
, dementia - CORRECT ANSWER - - decline in cognitive function affecting memory,
thinking, language, judgement, behaviour
- manifested by gradual, irreversible loss of intellectual abilities
- various disorders characterized by dementia: Alzheimer's, CVA, parkinson's
- caused by damage or loss of nerves that affect the connection within the brain
- risk factors: head trauma, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, toxin exposure
- s/s: short term memory loss, apraxia (impaired muscle movement), aphasia, agnosia (unable to
recognize items), behavioural changes
- can give cholinesterase inhibitors that help to improve memory and judgement
- tested with blood works, family history, physical examination
- encourage interaction during social, physical and recreational activities
- brain stimulation and engagement therapy
- prevention: less smoking, more education, healthy BP, exercise
- complications: falls, wandering, financial abuse, self neglect, bedsores
stages of dementia - CORRECT ANSWER - - early stage: difficulty concentrating,
withdrawal from friends and family, in denial about symptoms, trouble completing tasks
- middle: major memory deficiencies, needs assistance with ADLs, disoriented to time and place,
forgets names of family members, personality changes
- late: 24 hour care required, unable to communicate verbally or look after themselves
stages of Alzheimer's - CORRECT ANSWER - 1) no impairment
2) self report of memory impairment, no objective cognitive impairment noted
3) cognitive impairment noted by others, anxiety, impaired performance in demanding work and
social settings
4) withdrawal, denial, depression, inability to perform ADLs
5) disoriented to time and place, needs assistance with clothing selection
6) forgets names of spouse and family members, personality and emotional changes, inability to
perform many ADLs, agitation
