NRSG 3420 EXAM 2
QUESTIONS AND EXAMS
RATED A+ 2025-2026
Layers of the heart wall - CORRECT ANSWERendocardium, myocardium, epicardium, pericardium,
pericardial sac
Systole - CORRECT ANSWERContraction of the heart
diastole - CORRECT ANSWERRelaxation of the heart
CO - CORRECT ANSWERcardiac output - amount of blood pumped by ventricle in liters per minute
SV - CORRECT ANSWERstroke volume - amount of blood ejected with each heartbeat
factors affecting stroke volume - CORRECT ANSWERpreload, afterload, contractility
preload - CORRECT ANSWERdegree of stretch of the ventricular cardiac muscle fibers at the e end of
diastole, which depends on the amount of blood within the ventricle at the end of diastole. The greater
the amount of blood left in the ventricle, the greater the ventricle is stretched to accommodate the
increased volume and therefore increased preload
afterload - CORRECT ANSWERresistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle; inverse relationship
between afterload and stroke volume - the greater resistance (afterload), the less volume will be put out
(SV)
, contractility - CORRECT ANSWERthe force generated by the contracting myocardium; increased
contractility = increased SV
Coronary arteries - CORRECT ANSWERleft main coronary artery, left anterior descending artery, left
circumflex, right coronary, posterior descending artery
SA node - CORRECT ANSWERnatural pacemaker
AV node - CORRECT ANSWERcontrols rate of conduction/heart rate
Bundle of His - CORRECT ANSWERconducts impulses to the right and left bundle branches through both
ventricles
S/sx of heart conditions affecting the sympathetic nervous system - CORRECT ANSWERincreased HR,
contractile force, vasoconstriction (increased workload, ventricular remodeling)
S/sx of heart conditions affecting the RAAS system - CORRECT ANSWERvasoconstriction and
conservation of Na+ and water (increased preload, afterload, and workload)
Ventricular remodeling/myocardial hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER- ventricle dilates to compensate
for increased volume
- hypertrophy to compensate for increased workload
- leads to increased ventricular muscle mass, changes in shape, and impaired contractility
S/sx: increased ventricular muscle mass and impaired contractility
Natriuretic peptides - CORRECT ANSWERANP: atrial natriuretic peptide
BNP: brain or b-type natriuretic peptide
- first noted in porcine brain
- S/sx of disease: diuresis, vasodilation, decreased preload and afterload
QUESTIONS AND EXAMS
RATED A+ 2025-2026
Layers of the heart wall - CORRECT ANSWERendocardium, myocardium, epicardium, pericardium,
pericardial sac
Systole - CORRECT ANSWERContraction of the heart
diastole - CORRECT ANSWERRelaxation of the heart
CO - CORRECT ANSWERcardiac output - amount of blood pumped by ventricle in liters per minute
SV - CORRECT ANSWERstroke volume - amount of blood ejected with each heartbeat
factors affecting stroke volume - CORRECT ANSWERpreload, afterload, contractility
preload - CORRECT ANSWERdegree of stretch of the ventricular cardiac muscle fibers at the e end of
diastole, which depends on the amount of blood within the ventricle at the end of diastole. The greater
the amount of blood left in the ventricle, the greater the ventricle is stretched to accommodate the
increased volume and therefore increased preload
afterload - CORRECT ANSWERresistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle; inverse relationship
between afterload and stroke volume - the greater resistance (afterload), the less volume will be put out
(SV)
, contractility - CORRECT ANSWERthe force generated by the contracting myocardium; increased
contractility = increased SV
Coronary arteries - CORRECT ANSWERleft main coronary artery, left anterior descending artery, left
circumflex, right coronary, posterior descending artery
SA node - CORRECT ANSWERnatural pacemaker
AV node - CORRECT ANSWERcontrols rate of conduction/heart rate
Bundle of His - CORRECT ANSWERconducts impulses to the right and left bundle branches through both
ventricles
S/sx of heart conditions affecting the sympathetic nervous system - CORRECT ANSWERincreased HR,
contractile force, vasoconstriction (increased workload, ventricular remodeling)
S/sx of heart conditions affecting the RAAS system - CORRECT ANSWERvasoconstriction and
conservation of Na+ and water (increased preload, afterload, and workload)
Ventricular remodeling/myocardial hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER- ventricle dilates to compensate
for increased volume
- hypertrophy to compensate for increased workload
- leads to increased ventricular muscle mass, changes in shape, and impaired contractility
S/sx: increased ventricular muscle mass and impaired contractility
Natriuretic peptides - CORRECT ANSWERANP: atrial natriuretic peptide
BNP: brain or b-type natriuretic peptide
- first noted in porcine brain
- S/sx of disease: diuresis, vasodilation, decreased preload and afterload
