NURS 304 Sample Questions & Answers Solved
100% Correct.
AV valves
Tricuspid and Mitral (bicuspid ) valves
semilunar valves
pulmonary valve and aortic valve
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
pressure forcing blood into tissues, averaged over cardiac cycle
- between 60-70mm to maintain adequate perfusion
MAP equation
[systolic + (diastolic x 2) ] / 3
Sequence of events during cardiac cycle
•Mitral and tricuspid (AV) valves close
•Aortic and pulmonic (semilunar)valves open
•Isovolumetric contraction
•Ventricular ejection
•Isovolumetric relaxation
•Aortic and pulmonic (semilunar) valves close
•Mitral and tricuspid (AV) valves open
cardiac output
,HR x SV
Amount of blood pumped from left ventricle per minute
3-6 L/min
Stroke Volume (SV)
Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction
- 50- 100 ml
Preload
volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole
- increased in Hypervolemia , regurgitation of heart valves , heart failure
Afterload
resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
- increased in hypertension , vasoconstriction, cardiac workload
Low heart rate causes
Low perfusion to organs
high heart rate causes
Low cardiac output ; low perfusion
Murmur
Blood back flows into atria
- swooshing sound
The vascular system
,- veins / arteries
- provides a route for blood to travel from the heart to nourish the various tissues of the body
- carries cellular waste to excretory organs
-returns blood back to heart for recirculation
The arterial system
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to various tissues in the body.
Blood pressure regulator; autonomic NS
sympathetic increases HR, bp/ RR and parasympathetic decreases bp, HR, RR
Blood pressure regulator; kidneys
Renin released by the kidneys in response to low bp triggering the RAAS system
Blood pressure regulator; endocrine
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense high osmolality (dehydration) and stimulate release
ADH from posterior pituitary which in turn saves water from being excreted
Blood pressure regulator; baroreceptors
Stretch receptors are located in afferent arteries in the kidneys ; trigger RAAS system
Also located in the aortic arch I carotid sinus they sense the blood pressure and relay info to the
brain to maintain proper bp
The venous system
To complete circulation of blood by returning blood from capillaries to the right side of the heart
Cardiovascular changes associated with aging
, Cardiac valves
Conduction system
Left ventricle
Aorta and other large arteries
Baroreceptors
Modifiable risk factors
Things you can change ; diet , exercise
nomodifiable risk factors
Can't be changes ; family history
Cardiac Assessment ; history
- modifiable / nonmodifiable risk factors
- psychological factors
- medical history
- previous treatment for CAD
- drug history
- social history
- nutrition
- family history/ genetic risk
- current health problems
- functional history
Cardiac Assessment ; physical
100% Correct.
AV valves
Tricuspid and Mitral (bicuspid ) valves
semilunar valves
pulmonary valve and aortic valve
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
pressure forcing blood into tissues, averaged over cardiac cycle
- between 60-70mm to maintain adequate perfusion
MAP equation
[systolic + (diastolic x 2) ] / 3
Sequence of events during cardiac cycle
•Mitral and tricuspid (AV) valves close
•Aortic and pulmonic (semilunar)valves open
•Isovolumetric contraction
•Ventricular ejection
•Isovolumetric relaxation
•Aortic and pulmonic (semilunar) valves close
•Mitral and tricuspid (AV) valves open
cardiac output
,HR x SV
Amount of blood pumped from left ventricle per minute
3-6 L/min
Stroke Volume (SV)
Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction
- 50- 100 ml
Preload
volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole
- increased in Hypervolemia , regurgitation of heart valves , heart failure
Afterload
resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
- increased in hypertension , vasoconstriction, cardiac workload
Low heart rate causes
Low perfusion to organs
high heart rate causes
Low cardiac output ; low perfusion
Murmur
Blood back flows into atria
- swooshing sound
The vascular system
,- veins / arteries
- provides a route for blood to travel from the heart to nourish the various tissues of the body
- carries cellular waste to excretory organs
-returns blood back to heart for recirculation
The arterial system
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to various tissues in the body.
Blood pressure regulator; autonomic NS
sympathetic increases HR, bp/ RR and parasympathetic decreases bp, HR, RR
Blood pressure regulator; kidneys
Renin released by the kidneys in response to low bp triggering the RAAS system
Blood pressure regulator; endocrine
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense high osmolality (dehydration) and stimulate release
ADH from posterior pituitary which in turn saves water from being excreted
Blood pressure regulator; baroreceptors
Stretch receptors are located in afferent arteries in the kidneys ; trigger RAAS system
Also located in the aortic arch I carotid sinus they sense the blood pressure and relay info to the
brain to maintain proper bp
The venous system
To complete circulation of blood by returning blood from capillaries to the right side of the heart
Cardiovascular changes associated with aging
, Cardiac valves
Conduction system
Left ventricle
Aorta and other large arteries
Baroreceptors
Modifiable risk factors
Things you can change ; diet , exercise
nomodifiable risk factors
Can't be changes ; family history
Cardiac Assessment ; history
- modifiable / nonmodifiable risk factors
- psychological factors
- medical history
- previous treatment for CAD
- drug history
- social history
- nutrition
- family history/ genetic risk
- current health problems
- functional history
Cardiac Assessment ; physical
