NSER 7110 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS 2025/2026 GRADED A+
Red flags for airway - CORRECT ANSWER -- unable to complete sentences
- audible wheezing
- needs to sit in high fowlers or tripod
Red flags for breathing - CORRECT ANSWER -- Pale
- increased RR
- increased WOB
- decreased O2 sat
- wheezes and lung sounds
Red flags for circulation - CORRECT ANSWER -- irregular, fast pulse
- skin colour and temp
Peripheral cyanosis - CORRECT ANSWER -results from peripheral vasoconstriction, reduced
cardiac output or vascular occlusion
Central cyanosis - CORRECT ANSWER -occurs when there is an increased amount of hemoglobin
not bound to oxygen and is best assessed by observed the oral mucosa, lips, and tongue
Vesicular breath sounds - CORRECT ANSWER -soft, fine, breezy, low-pitched sounds when air
flows in alveoli and small bronchioles; heard on inspiration and continue without pause through
to 1/3 of expiration
,Bronchovesicular breath sounds - CORRECT ANSWER -heard in expiration and inspiration
Moderate in intensity and pitch and are located over major bronchi where fewer alveoli are
located
Bronchial breath sounds - CORRECT ANSWER -loud and high pitched and are heard around
trachea and larynx
Crackles (rales) - CORRECT ANSWER -clicking sounds heard during inspiration caused by the
opening of closed small airways during inspiration
Often heard in bronchitis, bronchiectasis and pulmonary edema and fibrosis
Wheezes (Rhonchi) - CORRECT ANSWER -caused by flow through narrowed airways
Causes of narrowing including bronchoconstriction, mucosal edema, sputum or foreign bodies
Palpation - CORRECT ANSWER -assessment of tracheal position, palpation of thorax, checking
for expansion, tactile fremitus
Percussion - CORRECT ANSWER -loud sounds indicate air and quieter sounds suggest
consolidated tissue
Mild hypoxemia - CORRECT ANSWER -60-79 pao2
Moderate hypoxemia - CORRECT ANSWER -40-59 pao2
Severe hypoxemia - CORRECT ANSWER -pao2 < 40 mmhg
Typical CAP presentation - CORRECT ANSWER -sudden onset of fever, productive cough, SOB,
signs of pulmonary consolidation, occasional pleuritic chest pain
, Atypical CAP presentation - CORRECT ANSWER -gradual onset of dry cough, SOB, rales, general
myalgias and fatigue
Two factors that determine oxygen supply - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Arterial oxygen
2. Cardiac output
Arterial oxygen - CORRECT ANSWER -the amount of oxygen that is present in the arterial blood
when it leaves the lungs
Cardiac output - CORRECT ANSWER -the effectiveness of the pump to circulate blood
throughout the body
% of oxygen delivered - CORRECT ANSWER -NP: 1-6L -> 24-44%
SFM: 6-10L -> 50-60
NRB: 12-15L -> 60-100
Oxygen demand factors - CORRECT ANSWER -Temperature, activity, stressors
Temperature - CORRECT ANSWER -an increase in body temp results in an increase cellular
demand for oxygen
Same for low body temp --> drop in cellular oxygen demand
Acitivity - CORRECT ANSWER -increase in demand for oxygen
Lack of activity results in decrease in oxygen demand
ANSWERS 2025/2026 GRADED A+
Red flags for airway - CORRECT ANSWER -- unable to complete sentences
- audible wheezing
- needs to sit in high fowlers or tripod
Red flags for breathing - CORRECT ANSWER -- Pale
- increased RR
- increased WOB
- decreased O2 sat
- wheezes and lung sounds
Red flags for circulation - CORRECT ANSWER -- irregular, fast pulse
- skin colour and temp
Peripheral cyanosis - CORRECT ANSWER -results from peripheral vasoconstriction, reduced
cardiac output or vascular occlusion
Central cyanosis - CORRECT ANSWER -occurs when there is an increased amount of hemoglobin
not bound to oxygen and is best assessed by observed the oral mucosa, lips, and tongue
Vesicular breath sounds - CORRECT ANSWER -soft, fine, breezy, low-pitched sounds when air
flows in alveoli and small bronchioles; heard on inspiration and continue without pause through
to 1/3 of expiration
,Bronchovesicular breath sounds - CORRECT ANSWER -heard in expiration and inspiration
Moderate in intensity and pitch and are located over major bronchi where fewer alveoli are
located
Bronchial breath sounds - CORRECT ANSWER -loud and high pitched and are heard around
trachea and larynx
Crackles (rales) - CORRECT ANSWER -clicking sounds heard during inspiration caused by the
opening of closed small airways during inspiration
Often heard in bronchitis, bronchiectasis and pulmonary edema and fibrosis
Wheezes (Rhonchi) - CORRECT ANSWER -caused by flow through narrowed airways
Causes of narrowing including bronchoconstriction, mucosal edema, sputum or foreign bodies
Palpation - CORRECT ANSWER -assessment of tracheal position, palpation of thorax, checking
for expansion, tactile fremitus
Percussion - CORRECT ANSWER -loud sounds indicate air and quieter sounds suggest
consolidated tissue
Mild hypoxemia - CORRECT ANSWER -60-79 pao2
Moderate hypoxemia - CORRECT ANSWER -40-59 pao2
Severe hypoxemia - CORRECT ANSWER -pao2 < 40 mmhg
Typical CAP presentation - CORRECT ANSWER -sudden onset of fever, productive cough, SOB,
signs of pulmonary consolidation, occasional pleuritic chest pain
, Atypical CAP presentation - CORRECT ANSWER -gradual onset of dry cough, SOB, rales, general
myalgias and fatigue
Two factors that determine oxygen supply - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Arterial oxygen
2. Cardiac output
Arterial oxygen - CORRECT ANSWER -the amount of oxygen that is present in the arterial blood
when it leaves the lungs
Cardiac output - CORRECT ANSWER -the effectiveness of the pump to circulate blood
throughout the body
% of oxygen delivered - CORRECT ANSWER -NP: 1-6L -> 24-44%
SFM: 6-10L -> 50-60
NRB: 12-15L -> 60-100
Oxygen demand factors - CORRECT ANSWER -Temperature, activity, stressors
Temperature - CORRECT ANSWER -an increase in body temp results in an increase cellular
demand for oxygen
Same for low body temp --> drop in cellular oxygen demand
Acitivity - CORRECT ANSWER -increase in demand for oxygen
Lack of activity results in decrease in oxygen demand
