BIOL 1104 Final Exam Complete
Questions With Correct Answers
\.examples of lesser known glands
kidneys, intestines, fat cells, and heart
\.glands of the endocrine system
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal
\.glands secrete
endocrine hormones
\.some glands are composed of
nervous tissue
\.hormone levels are almost always controlled by
negative feedback
\.pituitary gland
controls many aspects of our physiology
controlled by the hypothalamus (a region of the brain)
\.posterior pituitary gland
deals with neural processes
secretes hormones produced by neurons whose cell bodies are in the hypothalamus
\,anterior pituitary gland
deals with endocrine processes
releases hormones when stimulated by releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus
\.characteristics of posterior pituitary gland
composed of neurons extending downward from the hypothalamus
,produces neurohormones
extension of the hypothalamus
part of the nervous system
\.characteristics of anterior pituitary gland
controls other endocrine glands with tropic hormones
hypothalamus produces releasing hormones →
releasing hormones travel through blood to anterior pituitary →
anterior pituitary responds by secreting tropic hormones to control endocrine glands
\.posterior pituitary gland hormones
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):
targets the kidneys
effects the kidneys by reducing urine production
Oxytocin:
targets smooth muscle in uterus and mammary glands
effects uterine contraction; milk letdown reflex
anterior pituitary gland hormones
ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, MSH
goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland
the most common cause is too little iodine
thyroid gland
produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth
\.adrenal gland hormones
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine: targets various parts of the body
effects our fight or flight by using positive feedback to increase heart rate, metabolism, and
oxygen delivery to tissues
,Cortisol:
targets various tissues
effects increased blood glucose, and reduced inflammation
adrenal glands
a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help
arouse the body in times of stress
\.thyroid and parathyroid gland hormones
Parathyroid Hormone:
targets bone and kidneys
effects raises blood Ca^2+
Calcitonin:
targets bone
effects lowers blood Ca^2+ in some species of vertebrates (not humans)
pancreas
regulates the level of sugar in the blood
\.pancreas hormones
Insulin:
targets the liver and skeletal muscle
effects reduces blood sugar by stimulating sugar by these organs
Glucagon:
targets the liver and fat cells
effects increases blood sugar by stimulating glycogen breakdown in liver and fat metabolism
sex hormones
Androgen (male):
source testes
targets various
, Estrogen and Progesterone (female):
source ovaries
targets various
\.animal reproduction falls into two categories
asexual and sexual reproduction
\.asexual reproduction
fast and cheap
only requires one parent
offspring are exactly the same as the parent
\.sexual reproduction
genetic material from two parents
generates variation
costs a lot of energy compared to asexual reproduction
\.If a woman has low progesterone or estrogen levels, her
GnRH and FSH levels will increase
\.semen
a complex mixture of sperm (<5%) and fluids
\.neurons
basic unit of the nervous system
they are excitable
can send and receive electrical signals
do not commonly divide in adult humans
\.glial cells
Questions With Correct Answers
\.examples of lesser known glands
kidneys, intestines, fat cells, and heart
\.glands of the endocrine system
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal
\.glands secrete
endocrine hormones
\.some glands are composed of
nervous tissue
\.hormone levels are almost always controlled by
negative feedback
\.pituitary gland
controls many aspects of our physiology
controlled by the hypothalamus (a region of the brain)
\.posterior pituitary gland
deals with neural processes
secretes hormones produced by neurons whose cell bodies are in the hypothalamus
\,anterior pituitary gland
deals with endocrine processes
releases hormones when stimulated by releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus
\.characteristics of posterior pituitary gland
composed of neurons extending downward from the hypothalamus
,produces neurohormones
extension of the hypothalamus
part of the nervous system
\.characteristics of anterior pituitary gland
controls other endocrine glands with tropic hormones
hypothalamus produces releasing hormones →
releasing hormones travel through blood to anterior pituitary →
anterior pituitary responds by secreting tropic hormones to control endocrine glands
\.posterior pituitary gland hormones
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):
targets the kidneys
effects the kidneys by reducing urine production
Oxytocin:
targets smooth muscle in uterus and mammary glands
effects uterine contraction; milk letdown reflex
anterior pituitary gland hormones
ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, MSH
goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland
the most common cause is too little iodine
thyroid gland
produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth
\.adrenal gland hormones
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine: targets various parts of the body
effects our fight or flight by using positive feedback to increase heart rate, metabolism, and
oxygen delivery to tissues
,Cortisol:
targets various tissues
effects increased blood glucose, and reduced inflammation
adrenal glands
a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help
arouse the body in times of stress
\.thyroid and parathyroid gland hormones
Parathyroid Hormone:
targets bone and kidneys
effects raises blood Ca^2+
Calcitonin:
targets bone
effects lowers blood Ca^2+ in some species of vertebrates (not humans)
pancreas
regulates the level of sugar in the blood
\.pancreas hormones
Insulin:
targets the liver and skeletal muscle
effects reduces blood sugar by stimulating sugar by these organs
Glucagon:
targets the liver and fat cells
effects increases blood sugar by stimulating glycogen breakdown in liver and fat metabolism
sex hormones
Androgen (male):
source testes
targets various
, Estrogen and Progesterone (female):
source ovaries
targets various
\.animal reproduction falls into two categories
asexual and sexual reproduction
\.asexual reproduction
fast and cheap
only requires one parent
offspring are exactly the same as the parent
\.sexual reproduction
genetic material from two parents
generates variation
costs a lot of energy compared to asexual reproduction
\.If a woman has low progesterone or estrogen levels, her
GnRH and FSH levels will increase
\.semen
a complex mixture of sperm (<5%) and fluids
\.neurons
basic unit of the nervous system
they are excitable
can send and receive electrical signals
do not commonly divide in adult humans
\.glial cells
