BIOL 1104 Exam 2 Questions With Correct Answers || 100% pass

BIOL 1104 Exam 2 Questions With Correct Answers || 100% pass .Taxonomy - Answer-the science of classification; grouping of organisms based on their traits .Carolus Linnaeus - Answer-the father of taxonomy; began systematically classifying hierarchical groups of organisms based on similar characteristics (taxonomy) down to the species-level; developed binomial nomenclature, which is still used today .Binomial nomenclature - Answer-calling something by two names, genus and species .Phylogeny - Answer-a tree of organisms/groups of organisms (two or more) and shows their evolutionary relationships; can contain any number of organisms at any level of relatedness, can contain populations of a species (very specific level), or can contain whole families, phyla, domains, etc. (broad groups) .How do living things evolve? - Answer-One species (Z) gives rise to two new species (A & B) - 2 new species separate into lineages and do not meet again - Z is the ancestral species and no longer exists - A, B, & Z are a monophyletic group .Node of a tree - Answer-Represent divergence, where a common ancestor evolved into separate lineages .Why can all organisms be put into the tips of one tree? - Answer-All living things are related at some level and share a single common ancestor. Using data, we can draw out how they are related .How do you read a phylogenetic tree? - Answer-- Groups can be separated by morphological traits (presence/absence; 1 or 0) - More closely related animals would need more morphological traits to make the animals distinct .All trees are ___. - Answer-hypotheses .biological species concept (BSC) - Answer-organisms are considered members of the same species if they can interbreed and produce viable and fertile offspring with one another, and if they cannot interbreed with other such groups of organisms .Where is the BSC violated? - Answer-- Does not apply to organisms that reproduce asexually, groups of organisms that hybridized readily, and extinct species - Many species can interbreed at least a little with other species .morphological species concept (MSC) - Answer-organisms are considered members of the same species if they are highly similar in morphology (appearance/anatomy) .Where is the MSC violated? - Answer-- Many common vegetables with very different morphology are descended from a wild cabbage ancestor Brassica oleracea - Dog breeds all descended from a wolf ancestor, but there is extreme morphological variation that exists in Canis familiaris .monophyletic group - Answer-descended from a common ancestor; represents the true evolutionary history of a group; only ONE cut should be made for an entire group to come off a tree .paraphyletic group - Answer-not all descendants from one ancestor are included in a group .Parsimony - Answer-a principle that states the simplest tree is the most likely .Mode of nutrition - Answer-The method an organism uses to get their carbon; acts as a selection force in evolution - Plants are photoautotrophs - Animals are ingestive heterotrophs - Fungi are absorptive heterotrophs .How does mode of nutrition determine body plan? - Answer-Plants look like plants, fungi look like fungi, and animals look like animals because of their different lineages and selection pressures arising from mode of nutrition .Homology - Answer-similar traits shared by organisms because their ancestors had those traits (ex. Mammalian forelimb bones: they all have the same bones in their arms, even though they are evolved to perform a different function) .Ecological importance of prokaryotic diversity - Answer-Prokaryotic cells are the origins of metabolic and photosynthetic processes; Certain species of prokaryotes have important uses to humans, such as food production (ex. Cheese, yogurt, sour cream, etc.) and bioremediation (can metabolize pollution, such as oil spills)