Advanced Pathophysiology test quiz
with answers graded A+
Basic Cellular Functions - ANS✅✅1. Movement
2. Conductivity
3. Metabolic Absorption
4. Secretion
5. Excretion
6. Respiration
7. Reproduction
8. Communication
Functions of Plasma Membrane - ANS✅✅1. Structure
2. Protection
3. Activation of Cell
4. Transport
5. Cell to Cell Interaction
Nucleus Function - ANS✅✅Membrane bound structure, controls cell division and contains genetic
information/material
Cytoplasm - ANS✅✅Cytoplasmic matrix that surrounds organelles
Mitochondria - ANS✅✅Primary energy maker, responsible for cellular respiration & energy
production, makes ATP
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS✅✅An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized,
calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS✅✅An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where
many proteins for transport are assembled.
,Golgi apparatus - ANS✅✅A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export
by the cell
Lysosomes - ANS✅✅originate in Golgi, 40 digestive/degradative enzymes that catalyze proteins,
lipids, nucleic acids, carbs
Peroxisomes - ANS✅✅Contain oxidative enzymes that detoxify compounds and fatty acids and
breakdown substances into harmless products
Cytoskeleton - ANS✅✅A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its
shape, and aids in movement
Vesicles - ANS✅✅small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within
a cell
What are the 3 phases of catabolism for the production of ATP? - ANS✅✅1) Digestion - large
molecules are broken down into smaller subunits (proteins --> amino acid; polysaccharides -->
simple sugar; fats --> fatty acid and glycerol)
2) Glycolysis and oxidation - small molecules are further broken down (Sugars --> pyruvate --> enters
mitochondria, becomes acetyl CoA) (anaerobic and aerobic metabolism---> aerobic moves on to KC)
3) Kreb's Cycle - starts with Kreb's cycle; ends with oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (in the mitochondria) ---> 36 ATP are formed
Whats the difference between anaerobic metabolism and aerobic metabolism? - ANS✅✅- Lack of
oxygen (anaerobic metabolism) --> remaining pyruvate becomes lactic acid
- With oxygen (aerobic metabolism) --> pyruvate becomes acetyl CoA and goes to the Kreb's cycle
what is glycolysis - ANS✅✅the splitting of glucose to pyruvate (produces 2 ATP)
What is an amphipathic molecule? - ANS✅✅A molecule that has a hydrophilic and hydrophobic
end. Example: phospholipids
, Vacuole - ANS✅✅Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and
carbohydrates
Ribosomes - ANS✅✅RNA protein complex that is responsible for protein synthesis (free &
attached)
Cell membrane (plasma membrane) - ANS✅✅phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells and
regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Muscle Cells Function - ANS✅✅• Movement
1. Can be striated (skeletal) or smooth (bowels, bronchi)
2. Can generate forces that produce motion
3. Can be smooth AND striated (diaphragm or intercostals)
Cardiac & Neuro Cells Function - ANS✅✅• Conductivity
1. Stimulus causes excitation & electrical potential that passes along surface of cell to reach
destination
2. Cardiac muscle cells have automaticity
GI & Kidney Cells - ANS✅✅1. All cells take in nutrients but cells of intestines & kidneys specialize in
absorption
2. Kidney tubules reabsorb fluids and synthesize proteins
3. Intestinal epithelial cells reabsorb fluid & synthesize protein enzymes
Endocrine & Neuro Cells - ANS✅✅• Communication
1. Also have conductivity
2. Release of hormone into blood stream by use in a distant site/target organ
3. Ex: Pancreas releases insulin to signal muscle cells to absorb sugar from blood for energy
with answers graded A+
Basic Cellular Functions - ANS✅✅1. Movement
2. Conductivity
3. Metabolic Absorption
4. Secretion
5. Excretion
6. Respiration
7. Reproduction
8. Communication
Functions of Plasma Membrane - ANS✅✅1. Structure
2. Protection
3. Activation of Cell
4. Transport
5. Cell to Cell Interaction
Nucleus Function - ANS✅✅Membrane bound structure, controls cell division and contains genetic
information/material
Cytoplasm - ANS✅✅Cytoplasmic matrix that surrounds organelles
Mitochondria - ANS✅✅Primary energy maker, responsible for cellular respiration & energy
production, makes ATP
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS✅✅An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized,
calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS✅✅An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where
many proteins for transport are assembled.
,Golgi apparatus - ANS✅✅A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export
by the cell
Lysosomes - ANS✅✅originate in Golgi, 40 digestive/degradative enzymes that catalyze proteins,
lipids, nucleic acids, carbs
Peroxisomes - ANS✅✅Contain oxidative enzymes that detoxify compounds and fatty acids and
breakdown substances into harmless products
Cytoskeleton - ANS✅✅A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its
shape, and aids in movement
Vesicles - ANS✅✅small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within
a cell
What are the 3 phases of catabolism for the production of ATP? - ANS✅✅1) Digestion - large
molecules are broken down into smaller subunits (proteins --> amino acid; polysaccharides -->
simple sugar; fats --> fatty acid and glycerol)
2) Glycolysis and oxidation - small molecules are further broken down (Sugars --> pyruvate --> enters
mitochondria, becomes acetyl CoA) (anaerobic and aerobic metabolism---> aerobic moves on to KC)
3) Kreb's Cycle - starts with Kreb's cycle; ends with oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (in the mitochondria) ---> 36 ATP are formed
Whats the difference between anaerobic metabolism and aerobic metabolism? - ANS✅✅- Lack of
oxygen (anaerobic metabolism) --> remaining pyruvate becomes lactic acid
- With oxygen (aerobic metabolism) --> pyruvate becomes acetyl CoA and goes to the Kreb's cycle
what is glycolysis - ANS✅✅the splitting of glucose to pyruvate (produces 2 ATP)
What is an amphipathic molecule? - ANS✅✅A molecule that has a hydrophilic and hydrophobic
end. Example: phospholipids
, Vacuole - ANS✅✅Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and
carbohydrates
Ribosomes - ANS✅✅RNA protein complex that is responsible for protein synthesis (free &
attached)
Cell membrane (plasma membrane) - ANS✅✅phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells and
regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Muscle Cells Function - ANS✅✅• Movement
1. Can be striated (skeletal) or smooth (bowels, bronchi)
2. Can generate forces that produce motion
3. Can be smooth AND striated (diaphragm or intercostals)
Cardiac & Neuro Cells Function - ANS✅✅• Conductivity
1. Stimulus causes excitation & electrical potential that passes along surface of cell to reach
destination
2. Cardiac muscle cells have automaticity
GI & Kidney Cells - ANS✅✅1. All cells take in nutrients but cells of intestines & kidneys specialize in
absorption
2. Kidney tubules reabsorb fluids and synthesize proteins
3. Intestinal epithelial cells reabsorb fluid & synthesize protein enzymes
Endocrine & Neuro Cells - ANS✅✅• Communication
1. Also have conductivity
2. Release of hormone into blood stream by use in a distant site/target organ
3. Ex: Pancreas releases insulin to signal muscle cells to absorb sugar from blood for energy
