Advanced Pathophysiology test quiz
and answers graded A+
This structure generates ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, it is a _________ -
ANS✅✅mitochondria
"power house" of the cell
This structure synthesizes proteins; it is a _________ - ANS✅✅Ribosome
This structure processes and packages proteins for delivery; it is the _________________ -
ANS✅✅Golgi Apparatus
This structure serves as a respiratory of genetic information; it is the __________ -
ANS✅✅Nucleus
This structure synthesizes steroid hormones and folds proteins; it is the ___________ -
ANS✅✅Endoplasmic reticulum
This structure synthesizes ribosomes; it is the ___________ - ANS✅✅nucleolus
This structure delivers proteins that are secreted to their destinations; it is a secretory _________ -
ANS✅✅vesicle
This structure contains digestive enzymes; it is a ____________ - ANS✅✅lysosome
What is the difference between a eukaryote and prokaryote? - ANS✅✅A eukaryote has numerous
organelles and a member surrounding its nucleus; but a prokaryote does not have organelles, and it
genetics material is not organized into a nucleus.
What is the difference between the nucleolus and the nucleus? - ANS✅✅The nucleolus is a small,
dense structure within the nucleus.
,What is the difference between microtubules and microfilaments? - ANS✅✅Microtubules are
small, somewhat rigid, single, unbranched protein tubes, but microfilaments are smaller, more
flexible fibrils of actin that usually occur in bundles. Both are part of the cytoskeleton.
What is the difference in hydrophilic and hydrophobic? - ANS✅✅A hydrophilic substance attracts
water, but a hydrophobic substance repels water.
What is the difference between a lysosome and peroxisome? - ANS✅✅Lysosomes and
peroxisomes contain different enzymes. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down
molecules to their component parts, whereas peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes that are
important in producing hydrogen peroxide and other reactive oxygen species.
Proteins in the nucleus that bind DNA and help regulate its activity are called ____________ -
ANS✅✅histones
Cells such as neutrophils that use hydrogen peroxide as a defensive weapon synthesize it in their
_______________ - ANS✅✅peroxisomes
A section of a membrane that is rich in cholesterol and help organize membrane proteins is called a
lipid ______________ - ANS✅✅raft
The cells that secrete the extracellular matrix are ____________ - ANS✅✅fibroblasts
The mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes is called ______________ -
ANS✅✅hydrostatic
An ______________ solution has the same osmolality as normal body fluids. - ANS✅✅isotonic
In a simple epithelium, the epithelial cells are in contact with a ________ membrane that provides
support - ANS✅✅basement
________________ tissue is characterized by only a few cells surrounded by a lot of extracellular
matrix. - ANS✅✅connective
A myocyte is a __________ cell. - ANS✅✅muscle
,Neuronal Action Potential - ANS✅✅1. Sodium permeability increases
2. Sodium ions move into the cell
3. Potassium permeability increases
4. Potassium ions leave the cell
5. Resting membrane potential is restablished.
Order of the phases of the normal cell cycle, beginning with the phase that precedes DNA synthesis:
____________________ - ANS✅✅1. G1 phase
2. S phase
3. G2 phase
4. M phase
The main difference between cells that divide rapidly and those that divide slowly is the amount of
time they spend in the __________ phase of the cell - ANS✅✅G1
Cells develop specialized functions through the process of ____________ - ANS✅✅differientiation
A particle is dissolved is called a ___________________ - ANS✅✅solute
Mitochondria need a lot of _____________________ - ANS✅✅oxygen
During osmosis, _______________ move across the plasma membrane - ANS✅✅water molecules
___________ signals act on nearby cells by __________ through interstitial fluid -
ANS✅✅Paracrine; diffusion
A cell that has an insufficient oxygen supply will not be able to perform the chemistry of
______________ - ANS✅✅the Krebs cycle
_________________ can move substances against their concentration gradients - ANS✅✅active
transport
, receptors are _________ that bind specific small molecules - ANS✅✅proteins
ER stress occurs when unfolded or misfolded _____________ accumulate in the endoplasmic
reticulum - ANS✅✅proteins
Ligand - ANS✅✅A substance that binds to a receptor
Caveolae - ANS✅✅Tiny flask shaped pits in the outer surface of the plasma membrane that may
be important locations for receptors or for entry molecule into the cell
Mechanotransduction - ANS✅✅Translating mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals
Ampipathetic molecules - ANS✅✅A molecule that has both a hydrophobic part and hydrophilic
part
Endocytosis - ANS✅✅Infoldings of the plasma membrane to form a vesicle that enters the cell
If the ECF becomes hypotonic, in which direction will water move? - ANS✅✅From the ECF into the
cell
If the concentration of substance X in the ECF is higher than its concentration insides the cell, in
which direction will active transport move substance X ? - ANS✅✅From the cell to ECF
if the glucose concentration in the ECF is higher than its concentration inside the cell, in which
direction will facilitated diffusion move glucose? - ANS✅✅From ECF into the cell
In which direction does NA, K, -ATPase move sodium ions? - ANS✅✅From the cell to the ECF
In which direction does NA, K, -ATPase move potassium ions? - ANS✅✅From ECF into the cell
A mutation affecting what function would cause a lysosomal storage disease? - ANS✅✅Lysosomal
enzymes normally digest nutrients, debris, and other items that should be removed from the cell. A
mutation that causes dysfunction or lack of a lysosomal enzyme will allow items that cannot be
digested to accumulate inside lysosomes, creating a lysosomal storage disease.
and answers graded A+
This structure generates ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, it is a _________ -
ANS✅✅mitochondria
"power house" of the cell
This structure synthesizes proteins; it is a _________ - ANS✅✅Ribosome
This structure processes and packages proteins for delivery; it is the _________________ -
ANS✅✅Golgi Apparatus
This structure serves as a respiratory of genetic information; it is the __________ -
ANS✅✅Nucleus
This structure synthesizes steroid hormones and folds proteins; it is the ___________ -
ANS✅✅Endoplasmic reticulum
This structure synthesizes ribosomes; it is the ___________ - ANS✅✅nucleolus
This structure delivers proteins that are secreted to their destinations; it is a secretory _________ -
ANS✅✅vesicle
This structure contains digestive enzymes; it is a ____________ - ANS✅✅lysosome
What is the difference between a eukaryote and prokaryote? - ANS✅✅A eukaryote has numerous
organelles and a member surrounding its nucleus; but a prokaryote does not have organelles, and it
genetics material is not organized into a nucleus.
What is the difference between the nucleolus and the nucleus? - ANS✅✅The nucleolus is a small,
dense structure within the nucleus.
,What is the difference between microtubules and microfilaments? - ANS✅✅Microtubules are
small, somewhat rigid, single, unbranched protein tubes, but microfilaments are smaller, more
flexible fibrils of actin that usually occur in bundles. Both are part of the cytoskeleton.
What is the difference in hydrophilic and hydrophobic? - ANS✅✅A hydrophilic substance attracts
water, but a hydrophobic substance repels water.
What is the difference between a lysosome and peroxisome? - ANS✅✅Lysosomes and
peroxisomes contain different enzymes. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down
molecules to their component parts, whereas peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes that are
important in producing hydrogen peroxide and other reactive oxygen species.
Proteins in the nucleus that bind DNA and help regulate its activity are called ____________ -
ANS✅✅histones
Cells such as neutrophils that use hydrogen peroxide as a defensive weapon synthesize it in their
_______________ - ANS✅✅peroxisomes
A section of a membrane that is rich in cholesterol and help organize membrane proteins is called a
lipid ______________ - ANS✅✅raft
The cells that secrete the extracellular matrix are ____________ - ANS✅✅fibroblasts
The mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes is called ______________ -
ANS✅✅hydrostatic
An ______________ solution has the same osmolality as normal body fluids. - ANS✅✅isotonic
In a simple epithelium, the epithelial cells are in contact with a ________ membrane that provides
support - ANS✅✅basement
________________ tissue is characterized by only a few cells surrounded by a lot of extracellular
matrix. - ANS✅✅connective
A myocyte is a __________ cell. - ANS✅✅muscle
,Neuronal Action Potential - ANS✅✅1. Sodium permeability increases
2. Sodium ions move into the cell
3. Potassium permeability increases
4. Potassium ions leave the cell
5. Resting membrane potential is restablished.
Order of the phases of the normal cell cycle, beginning with the phase that precedes DNA synthesis:
____________________ - ANS✅✅1. G1 phase
2. S phase
3. G2 phase
4. M phase
The main difference between cells that divide rapidly and those that divide slowly is the amount of
time they spend in the __________ phase of the cell - ANS✅✅G1
Cells develop specialized functions through the process of ____________ - ANS✅✅differientiation
A particle is dissolved is called a ___________________ - ANS✅✅solute
Mitochondria need a lot of _____________________ - ANS✅✅oxygen
During osmosis, _______________ move across the plasma membrane - ANS✅✅water molecules
___________ signals act on nearby cells by __________ through interstitial fluid -
ANS✅✅Paracrine; diffusion
A cell that has an insufficient oxygen supply will not be able to perform the chemistry of
______________ - ANS✅✅the Krebs cycle
_________________ can move substances against their concentration gradients - ANS✅✅active
transport
, receptors are _________ that bind specific small molecules - ANS✅✅proteins
ER stress occurs when unfolded or misfolded _____________ accumulate in the endoplasmic
reticulum - ANS✅✅proteins
Ligand - ANS✅✅A substance that binds to a receptor
Caveolae - ANS✅✅Tiny flask shaped pits in the outer surface of the plasma membrane that may
be important locations for receptors or for entry molecule into the cell
Mechanotransduction - ANS✅✅Translating mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals
Ampipathetic molecules - ANS✅✅A molecule that has both a hydrophobic part and hydrophilic
part
Endocytosis - ANS✅✅Infoldings of the plasma membrane to form a vesicle that enters the cell
If the ECF becomes hypotonic, in which direction will water move? - ANS✅✅From the ECF into the
cell
If the concentration of substance X in the ECF is higher than its concentration insides the cell, in
which direction will active transport move substance X ? - ANS✅✅From the cell to ECF
if the glucose concentration in the ECF is higher than its concentration inside the cell, in which
direction will facilitated diffusion move glucose? - ANS✅✅From ECF into the cell
In which direction does NA, K, -ATPase move sodium ions? - ANS✅✅From the cell to the ECF
In which direction does NA, K, -ATPase move potassium ions? - ANS✅✅From ECF into the cell
A mutation affecting what function would cause a lysosomal storage disease? - ANS✅✅Lysosomal
enzymes normally digest nutrients, debris, and other items that should be removed from the cell. A
mutation that causes dysfunction or lack of a lysosomal enzyme will allow items that cannot be
digested to accumulate inside lysosomes, creating a lysosomal storage disease.
