Advanced Pathophysiology Quiz test
and answers graded A+
How are cells specialized? - ANS✅✅through the process of differentiation or maturation
What are the eight specialized cellular functions? - ANS✅✅movement, conductivity, metabolic
absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and communication
What are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell? - ANS✅✅the plasma membrane,
the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
What causes the release of lysosomal enzemes? - ANS✅✅Cellular injury causing cellular self-
digestion
What is the location and function of the nucleus? - ANS✅✅the largest membrane-bound organelle
and is found usually in the cell's center. The chief functions of the nucleus are cell division and
control of genetic information.
What is Cytoplasm? - ANS✅✅an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space between the
nucleus and the plasma membrane.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in? - ANS✅✅a network of tubular
channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer nuclear membrane. It specializes in the
synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components of most of the organelles
What is the Golgi complex and what does it do? - ANS✅✅a network of smooth membranes and
vesicles located near the nucleus. The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and packaging
proteins into secretory vesicles
What are lysosomes and what do they do? - ANS✅✅saclike structures that originate from the
Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for digesting most
cellular substances to their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
What are peroxisomes? - ANS✅✅involved in the production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
, Importance of proteins in disease - ANS✅✅The major workhorses of the cell, if misfolded they can
cause diseases
What are mitochondria responsible for? - ANS✅✅. Mitochondria contain the metabolic machinery
necessary for cellular energy metabolism (Makes ATP).
What is the cytoskeleton? - ANS✅✅the "bone and muscle" of the cell. The internal skeleton is
composed of a network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments
(microfilaments).
What is the plasma membrane? - ANS✅✅encloses the cell and, by controlling the movement of
substances across it, exerts a powerful influence on metabolic pathways
What is signal transduction? - ANS✅✅The transfer of molecular signals from the exterior to the
interior of a cell. If not done apoptosis occurs
What is protein regulation and what is it composed of? - ANS✅✅protein homeostasis and is
defined by the proteostasis network. This network is composed of ribosomes (makers), chaperones
(helpers), and protein breakdown or proteolytic systems. Malfunction of these systems is associated
with disease.
What do protein receptors do? - ANS✅✅on the plasma membrane, enable the cell to interact with
other cells and with extracellular substances
What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? - ANS✅✅(1) the extracellular membrane, (2) cell
adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and (3) specialized cell junctions.
What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do? - ANS✅✅(1) fibrous structural
proteins (collagen and elastin), (2) adhesive glycoproteins, and (3) proteoglycans and hyaluronic
acid. The matrix helps regulate cell growth, movement, and differentiation.
How do cells communicate? - ANS✅✅(1) they form protein channels (gap junctions); (2) they
display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical contact; and (3)
they use receptor proteins inside the target cell.
How is intercellular signaling done? - ANS✅✅contact-dependent, paracrine, hormonal,
neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter.
and answers graded A+
How are cells specialized? - ANS✅✅through the process of differentiation or maturation
What are the eight specialized cellular functions? - ANS✅✅movement, conductivity, metabolic
absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and communication
What are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell? - ANS✅✅the plasma membrane,
the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
What causes the release of lysosomal enzemes? - ANS✅✅Cellular injury causing cellular self-
digestion
What is the location and function of the nucleus? - ANS✅✅the largest membrane-bound organelle
and is found usually in the cell's center. The chief functions of the nucleus are cell division and
control of genetic information.
What is Cytoplasm? - ANS✅✅an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space between the
nucleus and the plasma membrane.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in? - ANS✅✅a network of tubular
channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer nuclear membrane. It specializes in the
synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components of most of the organelles
What is the Golgi complex and what does it do? - ANS✅✅a network of smooth membranes and
vesicles located near the nucleus. The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and packaging
proteins into secretory vesicles
What are lysosomes and what do they do? - ANS✅✅saclike structures that originate from the
Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for digesting most
cellular substances to their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
What are peroxisomes? - ANS✅✅involved in the production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
, Importance of proteins in disease - ANS✅✅The major workhorses of the cell, if misfolded they can
cause diseases
What are mitochondria responsible for? - ANS✅✅. Mitochondria contain the metabolic machinery
necessary for cellular energy metabolism (Makes ATP).
What is the cytoskeleton? - ANS✅✅the "bone and muscle" of the cell. The internal skeleton is
composed of a network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments
(microfilaments).
What is the plasma membrane? - ANS✅✅encloses the cell and, by controlling the movement of
substances across it, exerts a powerful influence on metabolic pathways
What is signal transduction? - ANS✅✅The transfer of molecular signals from the exterior to the
interior of a cell. If not done apoptosis occurs
What is protein regulation and what is it composed of? - ANS✅✅protein homeostasis and is
defined by the proteostasis network. This network is composed of ribosomes (makers), chaperones
(helpers), and protein breakdown or proteolytic systems. Malfunction of these systems is associated
with disease.
What do protein receptors do? - ANS✅✅on the plasma membrane, enable the cell to interact with
other cells and with extracellular substances
What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? - ANS✅✅(1) the extracellular membrane, (2) cell
adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and (3) specialized cell junctions.
What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do? - ANS✅✅(1) fibrous structural
proteins (collagen and elastin), (2) adhesive glycoproteins, and (3) proteoglycans and hyaluronic
acid. The matrix helps regulate cell growth, movement, and differentiation.
How do cells communicate? - ANS✅✅(1) they form protein channels (gap junctions); (2) they
display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical contact; and (3)
they use receptor proteins inside the target cell.
How is intercellular signaling done? - ANS✅✅contact-dependent, paracrine, hormonal,
neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter.
