Lean Six Sigma Black Belt. MEASURE
Statistics - answer the science (and art) of data-based decision-making.
Descriptive statistics - answer numerical data used to measure and describe
characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of
variation. Graphs such as pie, bar and line graphs, histograms, boxplots, scatterplots,
etc. and numerical summaries like means, variances, etc. are examples
Inferential statistics - answer numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from
sample data the probability of something being true of a population. Regression
analysis, hypothesis tests and experimental design fall into this category.
enumerative studies - answer Descriptive statistics are typically used. aim to answer
questions about the current population like "how many?" or "in what proportion?". The
focus is historical rather than predictive.
analytical studies - answer Seeks to answer questions like "why?" or "what are the
causes of?" and aim to generalize the results to future states of the population. These
are conducted to understand the behavior of a process over time with the intention of
identifying relationships between cause and e ffect which could impact future
performance (predictive as well as historical perspective).
Efficiency metrics - answermeasure the amount of input necessary to achieve a given
output
Effectiveness metrics - answera direct measure of how well customer expectations are
met: defects received by customers, on-time shipments, customer satisfaction,
customer loyalty and repeat business are all measures of e ffectiveness.
bar chart (relative frequency bar chart) - answerA chart that represents the count (or
percentage) of each category in a categorical variable as a bar, allowing easy visual
comparisons across categories.
Pareto Chart - answera bar graph whose bars are drawn in decreasing order of
frequency or relative frequency
line chart - answerWhen the data are in the form of running records over time, this chart
can help detect patterns that may signal a change in the process. This chart is also
called a trend chart, time plot or run chart
Pie Chart - answera type of graph in which a circle is divided into sectors that each
represent a proportion of the whole.
, Frequency - answerObtained by counting the number of items falling within each
category.
Proportion - answerThe portion of the whole attributable to each category.
CpK - Assessment of capability - answerThe degree to which a stable process is both
centered, and within specifications
Stratification - answerthe process of subdividing a group of data based on a particular
characteristic in order to provide better insight into the data pattern.
Accuracy - answerA description of how close a measurement is to the true value of the
quantity measured.
Precision - answera measure of how close a series of measurements are to one
another
Variance - answerstandard deviation squared --the average squared distance between
the mean and the individual observations
Dispersion - answerthe pattern of spacing of a population within an area
Central Tendency - answermean, median, mode
Mean - answerobtained by taking the sum of all the sample values and dividing by the
total number of values in the sample
Median - answerthe middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half
are below it
Mode - answerThe value that occurs most frequently in a given data set.
outliers - answerSample values that lie very far away from the vast majority of the other
sample values
Range - answerdefined as the difference between the largest value (maximum) and the
smallest value (minimum) in the dataset.
Standard Deviation - answera measure of variability that describes an average distance
of every score from the mean
Normal Distribution - answerA bell-shaped curve, describing the spread of a
characteristic throughout a population - Its shape and location are fully defined by two
parameters: the mean and standard deviation (or variance).
Statistics - answer the science (and art) of data-based decision-making.
Descriptive statistics - answer numerical data used to measure and describe
characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of
variation. Graphs such as pie, bar and line graphs, histograms, boxplots, scatterplots,
etc. and numerical summaries like means, variances, etc. are examples
Inferential statistics - answer numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from
sample data the probability of something being true of a population. Regression
analysis, hypothesis tests and experimental design fall into this category.
enumerative studies - answer Descriptive statistics are typically used. aim to answer
questions about the current population like "how many?" or "in what proportion?". The
focus is historical rather than predictive.
analytical studies - answer Seeks to answer questions like "why?" or "what are the
causes of?" and aim to generalize the results to future states of the population. These
are conducted to understand the behavior of a process over time with the intention of
identifying relationships between cause and e ffect which could impact future
performance (predictive as well as historical perspective).
Efficiency metrics - answermeasure the amount of input necessary to achieve a given
output
Effectiveness metrics - answera direct measure of how well customer expectations are
met: defects received by customers, on-time shipments, customer satisfaction,
customer loyalty and repeat business are all measures of e ffectiveness.
bar chart (relative frequency bar chart) - answerA chart that represents the count (or
percentage) of each category in a categorical variable as a bar, allowing easy visual
comparisons across categories.
Pareto Chart - answera bar graph whose bars are drawn in decreasing order of
frequency or relative frequency
line chart - answerWhen the data are in the form of running records over time, this chart
can help detect patterns that may signal a change in the process. This chart is also
called a trend chart, time plot or run chart
Pie Chart - answera type of graph in which a circle is divided into sectors that each
represent a proportion of the whole.
, Frequency - answerObtained by counting the number of items falling within each
category.
Proportion - answerThe portion of the whole attributable to each category.
CpK - Assessment of capability - answerThe degree to which a stable process is both
centered, and within specifications
Stratification - answerthe process of subdividing a group of data based on a particular
characteristic in order to provide better insight into the data pattern.
Accuracy - answerA description of how close a measurement is to the true value of the
quantity measured.
Precision - answera measure of how close a series of measurements are to one
another
Variance - answerstandard deviation squared --the average squared distance between
the mean and the individual observations
Dispersion - answerthe pattern of spacing of a population within an area
Central Tendency - answermean, median, mode
Mean - answerobtained by taking the sum of all the sample values and dividing by the
total number of values in the sample
Median - answerthe middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half
are below it
Mode - answerThe value that occurs most frequently in a given data set.
outliers - answerSample values that lie very far away from the vast majority of the other
sample values
Range - answerdefined as the difference between the largest value (maximum) and the
smallest value (minimum) in the dataset.
Standard Deviation - answera measure of variability that describes an average distance
of every score from the mean
Normal Distribution - answerA bell-shaped curve, describing the spread of a
characteristic throughout a population - Its shape and location are fully defined by two
parameters: the mean and standard deviation (or variance).
