HNF 471 Exam 2 Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025-2026
Lab value for sodium - Answers 135-145
Lab value for potassium - Answers 3.5-5.1
Lab value for glucose - Answers 70-99
Lab value for BUN - Answers 6-20
Lab value for creatine - Answers 0.5-1
Albumin - Answers NOT a measure of nutritional status
-only a biomarker for inflammation
-always will be low post-op
GI tract roles - Answers -motility
-secretion
-digestion
-absorption
Oral cavity inflammatory conditions - Answers -gingiva
-somatitis/cheliosis
-glossitits
Oral cavity conditions result in altered salivary gland function - Answers -xerostomia
-sjorgrens syndrome
Common oral cavity diagnoses - Answers -inadequate oral food/beverage intake
-inadequate fluid intake
-biting/chewing difficulty
-involuntary weight loss
Nutrition interventions for taste changes - Answers -individuals will vary
-room temperature foods
-consider adding spices to help enhance taste and aroma
,A disorder of the esophagus - Answers GERD
Disorder of GERD - Answers -chew, swallow --> esophagus
-the lower LES opens to allow food to tenter the stomach and then quickly closes to prevent the
corrosive stomach acid from damaging the lining
-LES when weakened results in GERD
-called heart-burn or indigestion
Lowered LES pressure can result from - Answers -Hiatal hernia
-pregnancy
-recurrent vomiting
-gastroparesis
-COPD
Management of GERD - Answers -proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
Mechanism of action of PPIs - Answers blocks the H/K ATPase system (gastric proton pump)
which generate gastric in the stomach
Common PPIs - Answers -omeprazole
-lansoprazole
-esomeprazole
-pantoprazole
-raberprazole
Effect of drug nutrient reactions - Answers -long term PPI use can lead to achlorhydria-->
decreased B12 and calcium absorption --> megaloblastic anemia as well as osteoporosis
What do anti-acids contain - Answers -magnesium: diarrhea
-calcium: constipation
-aluminum: constipation
Diagnoses of GERD - Answers -overweight or obesity
-impaired nutrient utilization
-altered GI function
, -inadequate or excessive vitamin or mineral intake
MNT for GERD - Answers -Avoid acidic, spicy, fatty foods, alcohol coffee
-smaller meals
-avoid eating for several hours before bedtime
-elevate head of bed when sleeping
-consume foods high in calcium and B12 at same time
Barrett's esophagus - Answers -pre-cancerous condition caused by stomach acid eroding the
esophagus over time
Treatment of Barrett's esophagus - Answers ablation methods, freezing, laser, electrical burning,
radio-frequency energy
Eosinophilic esophagitis - Answers infiltration of eosinophils in the esophagus and esophageal
hyperplasia
Eosinophils: type of WBC involved in allergic reactions
-not typically present in the esophagus
-characterized by feeding intolerance and/or FTT in children and foo impaction of dysphagia in
adults due tot tissue remodeling that results in strictures, rings, etc
Dietary management of Eosinophilic esophagitis - Answers avoid food allergens
Ulcers - Answers injury of the epithelial lining
Peptic ulcers - Answers -can be esophageal, gastric, duodenal
-caused by infection with H. pylori but can be due to NSAIDs or stress
-stress includes trauma, surgery radiation, renal failure, or burns
Common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - Answers -aspirin
-celecoxib
-etodolac
Lab value for sodium - Answers 135-145
Lab value for potassium - Answers 3.5-5.1
Lab value for glucose - Answers 70-99
Lab value for BUN - Answers 6-20
Lab value for creatine - Answers 0.5-1
Albumin - Answers NOT a measure of nutritional status
-only a biomarker for inflammation
-always will be low post-op
GI tract roles - Answers -motility
-secretion
-digestion
-absorption
Oral cavity inflammatory conditions - Answers -gingiva
-somatitis/cheliosis
-glossitits
Oral cavity conditions result in altered salivary gland function - Answers -xerostomia
-sjorgrens syndrome
Common oral cavity diagnoses - Answers -inadequate oral food/beverage intake
-inadequate fluid intake
-biting/chewing difficulty
-involuntary weight loss
Nutrition interventions for taste changes - Answers -individuals will vary
-room temperature foods
-consider adding spices to help enhance taste and aroma
,A disorder of the esophagus - Answers GERD
Disorder of GERD - Answers -chew, swallow --> esophagus
-the lower LES opens to allow food to tenter the stomach and then quickly closes to prevent the
corrosive stomach acid from damaging the lining
-LES when weakened results in GERD
-called heart-burn or indigestion
Lowered LES pressure can result from - Answers -Hiatal hernia
-pregnancy
-recurrent vomiting
-gastroparesis
-COPD
Management of GERD - Answers -proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
Mechanism of action of PPIs - Answers blocks the H/K ATPase system (gastric proton pump)
which generate gastric in the stomach
Common PPIs - Answers -omeprazole
-lansoprazole
-esomeprazole
-pantoprazole
-raberprazole
Effect of drug nutrient reactions - Answers -long term PPI use can lead to achlorhydria-->
decreased B12 and calcium absorption --> megaloblastic anemia as well as osteoporosis
What do anti-acids contain - Answers -magnesium: diarrhea
-calcium: constipation
-aluminum: constipation
Diagnoses of GERD - Answers -overweight or obesity
-impaired nutrient utilization
-altered GI function
, -inadequate or excessive vitamin or mineral intake
MNT for GERD - Answers -Avoid acidic, spicy, fatty foods, alcohol coffee
-smaller meals
-avoid eating for several hours before bedtime
-elevate head of bed when sleeping
-consume foods high in calcium and B12 at same time
Barrett's esophagus - Answers -pre-cancerous condition caused by stomach acid eroding the
esophagus over time
Treatment of Barrett's esophagus - Answers ablation methods, freezing, laser, electrical burning,
radio-frequency energy
Eosinophilic esophagitis - Answers infiltration of eosinophils in the esophagus and esophageal
hyperplasia
Eosinophils: type of WBC involved in allergic reactions
-not typically present in the esophagus
-characterized by feeding intolerance and/or FTT in children and foo impaction of dysphagia in
adults due tot tissue remodeling that results in strictures, rings, etc
Dietary management of Eosinophilic esophagitis - Answers avoid food allergens
Ulcers - Answers injury of the epithelial lining
Peptic ulcers - Answers -can be esophageal, gastric, duodenal
-caused by infection with H. pylori but can be due to NSAIDs or stress
-stress includes trauma, surgery radiation, renal failure, or burns
Common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - Answers -aspirin
-celecoxib
-etodolac
