HNF 471 Exam 3 Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025-2026
2 systems that influence weight/eating - Answers homeostatic (appetite influenced by
hormones; hunger and fullness); hedonic (eating influenced by something other than hunger)
Satiation - Answers measure of fullness that signals the end of an eating occasion (feeling)
Satiety - Answers measure of time to next eating occasion (timeframe)
Expected satiety - Answers how long you think the amount of a certain food will keep you full
Only GI hormone that increases food intake - Answers ghrelin
Adiposity hormones - Answers insulin and leptin
Anorexigenic hormones - Answers activate the POM/CART neurons, and the message to stop
eating is sent
Orexigenic hormones (or lack of anorexigenic hormones) - Answers activate NPY/AGRP
neurons, and the message to eat is sent
Hedonic drivers - Answers reward system in brain, sensory properties of food, memory of
previous experiences, mood, fed vs. fasted state
Reward system in the brain - Answers eating produces endogenous opioids, dopamine, and
serotonin (feel good chemicals) - sugar is very good at this
3 ways to expend energy - Answers basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, physical activity
Factor influencing energy expenditure from basal metabolic rate - Answers thyroid hormone
(low-low)
Factor influencing energy expenditure from thermic effect of food - Answers macronutrient
content and food matrix; fat = easiest to digest, protein = hardest
Factor influencing energy expenditure from physical activity - Answers muscle mass, duration,
and intensity
Weight loss goals - Answers - 3-5% loss reduces triglycerides, blood glucose, and risk of
developing T2DM
- 5-10% loss decreases LDL cholesterol and BP, decreases amount of medication to control
T2DM
Weight maintenance - Answers keeping weight off for at least a year
MNT for weight loss - Answers - individualized diet of: 1200-1500 kcal/day for women; 1500-
1800 kcal/day for men
, - energy deficit of 500-750 kcal/day (use MSJ then subtract)
- an evidenced-based diet that restricts certain food types (high CHO, low fiber, or high fat) to
create negative energy balance
Physical activity guidelines - Answers 150-300 minutes of moderate physical activity/week or 75
-150 minutes of vigorous intensity physical activity per week
Insulin and leptin resistance - Answers happens in obesity; Fat cells are full, leptin is released by
adipose tissue, but brain doesn't get the message to reduce intake despite LOTS of leptin
(message isn't getting through)
Factors associated with higher risk of weight regain - Answers - decrease in leisure time
physical activity, dietary restraint, and frequency of self-weighing
- increase in percentage of energy intake from fat and disinhibition (not being as strict with diet)
Metabolic adaptation - Answers slowing of RMR that is often greater than would be expected
based on the measured changes in body composition
Ozempic - Answers GLP-1 analog; delays stomach emptying so you feel fuller longer (Wegovy
used for weight loss, ozempic used for diabetes)
What type of disease is obesity? - Answers chronic
Types of gastric bypass - Answers restrictive, malabsorptive, restrictive-malabsorptive
Restrictive gastric bypass - Answers induce weight loss by reducing stomach size and thus
limiting caloric intake; avg weight loss = ~60% of excess weight in first 12-18 months
Malabsorptive gastric bypass - Answers rarely performed because of the high risk of serious
long term complications
Restrictive-malabsorptive - Answers reduce stomach size and alter normal gastric function,
disrupt proper absorption of ingested nutrients; avg weight loss = ~77% of excess body weight
Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass - Answers restrictive-malabsorptive; pouch formed by stapling the
upper portion of the stomach across the fundus - food leaves the pouch and empties directly
into the jejunum (part of the stomach, the duodenum and proximal jejunum are bypassed)
Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy - Answers (restrictive) 70-80% of the stomach removed
Adjustable Gastric "Lap" Band - Answers a fluid-filled band is placed around a proximal part of
the stomach creating an hourglass appearance; size of pouch may be adjusted; food leaves the
pouch and empties into the original stomach for normal digestion and normal absorption
Postoperative guidelines for bariatric surgery pt - Answers - eat 3-5 small meals every day
2 systems that influence weight/eating - Answers homeostatic (appetite influenced by
hormones; hunger and fullness); hedonic (eating influenced by something other than hunger)
Satiation - Answers measure of fullness that signals the end of an eating occasion (feeling)
Satiety - Answers measure of time to next eating occasion (timeframe)
Expected satiety - Answers how long you think the amount of a certain food will keep you full
Only GI hormone that increases food intake - Answers ghrelin
Adiposity hormones - Answers insulin and leptin
Anorexigenic hormones - Answers activate the POM/CART neurons, and the message to stop
eating is sent
Orexigenic hormones (or lack of anorexigenic hormones) - Answers activate NPY/AGRP
neurons, and the message to eat is sent
Hedonic drivers - Answers reward system in brain, sensory properties of food, memory of
previous experiences, mood, fed vs. fasted state
Reward system in the brain - Answers eating produces endogenous opioids, dopamine, and
serotonin (feel good chemicals) - sugar is very good at this
3 ways to expend energy - Answers basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, physical activity
Factor influencing energy expenditure from basal metabolic rate - Answers thyroid hormone
(low-low)
Factor influencing energy expenditure from thermic effect of food - Answers macronutrient
content and food matrix; fat = easiest to digest, protein = hardest
Factor influencing energy expenditure from physical activity - Answers muscle mass, duration,
and intensity
Weight loss goals - Answers - 3-5% loss reduces triglycerides, blood glucose, and risk of
developing T2DM
- 5-10% loss decreases LDL cholesterol and BP, decreases amount of medication to control
T2DM
Weight maintenance - Answers keeping weight off for at least a year
MNT for weight loss - Answers - individualized diet of: 1200-1500 kcal/day for women; 1500-
1800 kcal/day for men
, - energy deficit of 500-750 kcal/day (use MSJ then subtract)
- an evidenced-based diet that restricts certain food types (high CHO, low fiber, or high fat) to
create negative energy balance
Physical activity guidelines - Answers 150-300 minutes of moderate physical activity/week or 75
-150 minutes of vigorous intensity physical activity per week
Insulin and leptin resistance - Answers happens in obesity; Fat cells are full, leptin is released by
adipose tissue, but brain doesn't get the message to reduce intake despite LOTS of leptin
(message isn't getting through)
Factors associated with higher risk of weight regain - Answers - decrease in leisure time
physical activity, dietary restraint, and frequency of self-weighing
- increase in percentage of energy intake from fat and disinhibition (not being as strict with diet)
Metabolic adaptation - Answers slowing of RMR that is often greater than would be expected
based on the measured changes in body composition
Ozempic - Answers GLP-1 analog; delays stomach emptying so you feel fuller longer (Wegovy
used for weight loss, ozempic used for diabetes)
What type of disease is obesity? - Answers chronic
Types of gastric bypass - Answers restrictive, malabsorptive, restrictive-malabsorptive
Restrictive gastric bypass - Answers induce weight loss by reducing stomach size and thus
limiting caloric intake; avg weight loss = ~60% of excess weight in first 12-18 months
Malabsorptive gastric bypass - Answers rarely performed because of the high risk of serious
long term complications
Restrictive-malabsorptive - Answers reduce stomach size and alter normal gastric function,
disrupt proper absorption of ingested nutrients; avg weight loss = ~77% of excess body weight
Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass - Answers restrictive-malabsorptive; pouch formed by stapling the
upper portion of the stomach across the fundus - food leaves the pouch and empties directly
into the jejunum (part of the stomach, the duodenum and proximal jejunum are bypassed)
Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy - Answers (restrictive) 70-80% of the stomach removed
Adjustable Gastric "Lap" Band - Answers a fluid-filled band is placed around a proximal part of
the stomach creating an hourglass appearance; size of pouch may be adjusted; food leaves the
pouch and empties into the original stomach for normal digestion and normal absorption
Postoperative guidelines for bariatric surgery pt - Answers - eat 3-5 small meals every day
