HNF 471 MINI QUIZ QUESTIONS WELL ANSWERED LATEST UPDATE 2025

HNF 471 MINI QUIZ QUESTIONS WELL ANSWERED LATEST UPDATE 2025 - Answers Problem related to Etiology as evidencedby Signs/Symptoms Labs- Na - Answers levels typically reflect fluid balance rather than sodium balance;needed for transmission of neuromuscular impulses, acid-base balance,fluid balance Hyponatremia may be caused by - Answers vomiting, diarrhea, gastric suction, excessiveperspiration, continuous IV 5% Dextrose/water; low-sodium diet, burns,inflammatory reactions, tissue injury, and DRUGS - esp. diuretics. Factitious hyponatremia - Answers caused by high glucose Pseudohyponatremia - Answers caused by high triglyceride and/or protein levels Hypernatremia can mean: - Answers dehydration, severe vomiting & diarrhea, CHF, Cushing'sdisease, hepatic failure, high-sodium diet Severe hyponatremia ( 120 mEq/L) can lead to.... - Answers seizure, coma, and death K - abnormal values are more of a concern compared to Na. - Answers Cardiac arrhythmias and neurological disturbances are seen with high or low levels. Hypokalemia can be caused by - Answers decreased intake, protracted vomiting, renal loss, cirrhosis and nasogastric aspiration Cl - Answers Chloride plays a role in fluid balance and acid-base balance aswell. However, many times the chloride test is ignored; in most caseswhen the sodium value is normal the chloride value will be normal.So in some hospitals, testing for chloride is not performed very often. CO2 or HCO3 - Answers carbon dioxide or bicarbonate - when blood pH is too high(alkalosis) or too low (acidosis), the cause can be either respiratory or metabolicin origin. If this value and blood pH are too high, then it is metabolic alkalosis. Ifthis value and blood pH are too low, then it is metabolic acidosis. BUN - Answers elevated in kidney disease and protein catabolism, and dehydration;decreased in liver failure, negative nitrogen balance, and pregnancy. Creatinine - Answers by product of creatine breakdown; excreted by the kidneys soreflects kidney function. Renal problems indicated when high. High-dose vitaminC and dehydration can raise values, but BUN usually increases faster, giving you ahigh BUN:Creat ratio Glucose - Answers high in diabetes; can be seen in trauma (non-diabetic "stress inducedhyperglycemia") Albumin - Answers In the past, Alb was believed to be a marker of protein intake and general nutritional status.Now, albumin is not considered to be a good marker of much of anything exceptinflammation. Alb has a half-life of 3 weeks and is a negative acute phase protein. Not usefulin the acute care setting. Pts post-surgery almost always have low Alb. Low Alb associatedwith edema Total protein - Answers Measurement of the two classes of protein in the blood - albumin and globulins • Globulins - part of the immune system • If Tprot is low, suggestive of liver or kidney issues, not very specifi AST and ALT - Answers These enzymes can be indicative of liver disease.However, these enzymes are also found in other body tissues such asbone, heart, kidney, etc. Isoenzyme tests usually must be performed inorder to isolate the isoenzyme that is elevated and if the source is theliver. Alk phos: - Answers Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is produced in the liver andbone, it is also derived from the kidney, intestine, and placenta. Inobstructive biliary disease, there is elevated serum ALP. If a patienthas bone disease, this test may be highly inaccurate, as ALP is alsofound in bone tissue