NRES 348 Quiz #2 with Complete Solutions
Humans and pets interactions with wildlife:
Alteration of natural rural habitat
Establishment of forested urban habitat
Reduction of natural predators
Encroachment of human into rural areas
Abundance of food in urban environments
Why should people be concerned about wildlife diseases?
Raccoon roundworm
Chronic wasting disease
West Nile virus
Lyme Disease
Toxoplasma gondii
Rabies
Mange
What are some current wildlife diseases?
Epidemiology
Study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in a population
OR Study of the Ecology and Natural History of Disease
Agent, host, and environment
What consists of the determinants of disease triad?
,Wildlife
To detect deadly agents in the environment, who are the best biosensors?
Biosensing
Wildlife research leads to
Monitoring wildlife can predict disease outbreaks/spread
How can we utilize wildlife as a tool?
Active collaboration from ecologists
What does utilizing wildlife as a tool require?
Cause mortality, rapid transmission, short term epidemics, threaten populations
Affect human, livestock, pets, sudden decline in endangered species
Multi host pathogens are involved
When are infectious diseases a problem?
White nose syndrome
Causes 90% of mortality of Little Brown, Northern long-eared, Small-footed, Eastern pipistrelle
& Indiana bats
Bat clusters and human roles in transmission (recommended containment and
decontamination)
What is the concern with white nose syndrome?
,East: raccoon
NW, SW, W: skunk
Arizona: Fox
What are the distribution rabies variants in the USA?
Virus transmitted by infected saliva through bite or wound which causes brain
inflammation
How is rabies transmitted?
Decrease; increase
There's a _________ in rabies cases in domesticated animals and a _________ in cases in wild
animals.
Summer months (May-September)
There is an increase in rabies cases in cats during what months?
Ixodes; Borrelia burgdorferi
With Lyme disease the ______ tick infects with the spirochete _________ _________.
It can invade multiple organ systems causing mild to severe cardiac to neurological and
musculoskeletal systems
What are the medical impacts of Lyme disease?
1. Questing: unfed tick finds a host and attaches
2. Feeding: attached tick feeds, engorges, and drops off
, 3. Developing: attached tick develops to emerge as a questing tick of the next stage or lays
eggs if it is an adult female
What are the three stages of development for Lyme disease ticks during a two year lifecycle?
31 mammals and 49 birds
More restricted range for adults compared to larvae
Dynamics of Lyme disease is mostly dependent on the tick, deer, white-footed mouse, and
deer mouse
What are the host of lyme disease?
Larvae (t1) or unfed larvae
What ticks are generally disease-free?
Yes, nymph (t1) acquires infection from compotent host and then overwinters
Is nymph (t1) infected or no?
Overwinter mortality is harsh
What is the effect of infected adult (t1) on a host?
Co-feeding
Pathogen transmission can occur from infected to uninfected ticks feeding together on the same
host w/o systemic infection
Along forested river corridors (e.g. Rock River)
Where is the deertick/black-legged tick expanding?
Humans and pets interactions with wildlife:
Alteration of natural rural habitat
Establishment of forested urban habitat
Reduction of natural predators
Encroachment of human into rural areas
Abundance of food in urban environments
Why should people be concerned about wildlife diseases?
Raccoon roundworm
Chronic wasting disease
West Nile virus
Lyme Disease
Toxoplasma gondii
Rabies
Mange
What are some current wildlife diseases?
Epidemiology
Study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in a population
OR Study of the Ecology and Natural History of Disease
Agent, host, and environment
What consists of the determinants of disease triad?
,Wildlife
To detect deadly agents in the environment, who are the best biosensors?
Biosensing
Wildlife research leads to
Monitoring wildlife can predict disease outbreaks/spread
How can we utilize wildlife as a tool?
Active collaboration from ecologists
What does utilizing wildlife as a tool require?
Cause mortality, rapid transmission, short term epidemics, threaten populations
Affect human, livestock, pets, sudden decline in endangered species
Multi host pathogens are involved
When are infectious diseases a problem?
White nose syndrome
Causes 90% of mortality of Little Brown, Northern long-eared, Small-footed, Eastern pipistrelle
& Indiana bats
Bat clusters and human roles in transmission (recommended containment and
decontamination)
What is the concern with white nose syndrome?
,East: raccoon
NW, SW, W: skunk
Arizona: Fox
What are the distribution rabies variants in the USA?
Virus transmitted by infected saliva through bite or wound which causes brain
inflammation
How is rabies transmitted?
Decrease; increase
There's a _________ in rabies cases in domesticated animals and a _________ in cases in wild
animals.
Summer months (May-September)
There is an increase in rabies cases in cats during what months?
Ixodes; Borrelia burgdorferi
With Lyme disease the ______ tick infects with the spirochete _________ _________.
It can invade multiple organ systems causing mild to severe cardiac to neurological and
musculoskeletal systems
What are the medical impacts of Lyme disease?
1. Questing: unfed tick finds a host and attaches
2. Feeding: attached tick feeds, engorges, and drops off
, 3. Developing: attached tick develops to emerge as a questing tick of the next stage or lays
eggs if it is an adult female
What are the three stages of development for Lyme disease ticks during a two year lifecycle?
31 mammals and 49 birds
More restricted range for adults compared to larvae
Dynamics of Lyme disease is mostly dependent on the tick, deer, white-footed mouse, and
deer mouse
What are the host of lyme disease?
Larvae (t1) or unfed larvae
What ticks are generally disease-free?
Yes, nymph (t1) acquires infection from compotent host and then overwinters
Is nymph (t1) infected or no?
Overwinter mortality is harsh
What is the effect of infected adult (t1) on a host?
Co-feeding
Pathogen transmission can occur from infected to uninfected ticks feeding together on the same
host w/o systemic infection
Along forested river corridors (e.g. Rock River)
Where is the deertick/black-legged tick expanding?
