HCA 202 FINAL PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔acute condition - ✔✔relatively severe, episodic (of short duration), and often
treatable. It is subject to recovery and treatment is generally provided in a hospital.
ex: heart attack
✔✔subacute condition - ✔✔lies between the acute and chronic extremes but has some
acute features. Can be postacute, requiring further treatment after a brief stay in the
hospital.
ex: ventilator and head trauma care
✔✔chronic condition - ✔✔less severe but of long and continuous duration. Patient may
not fully recover from such a condition, but the disease may be kept under control
through appropriate medical treatment. However, if left untreated it may lead to severe
and life-threatening health problems.
ex; asthma, diabetes, hypertension
✔✔quality of life - ✔✔used in a denotative sense to capture the essence of overall
satisfaction with life during and after a person's encounter with the health care delivery
system.
first, it is an indicator of how satisfied a person was with his experiences while receiving
health care services; includes specific life domains such as privacy, security, comfort,
etc
second, it can refer to a person's overall satisfaction with life and with self perceptions of
health, particularly after some medical intervention
✔✔determinants of health - ✔✔-environment
-behavior and lifestyle
-hereditary
-medical care
✔✔environmental factors - ✔✔encompass the physical, social, sociopolitical, and
sociocultural dimensions of life
✔✔behavioral factors - ✔✔include diet, exercise, stress-level, engagement in risky of
unhealthy behaviors, and other individual choices that may contribute to significant
health problems
, ✔✔heredity - ✔✔a key determinant of health because genetic factors predispose
individuals to certain diseases
✔✔market justice - ✔✔proposes that market forces in a free economy can best achieve
a fair distribution of health care. Within such a system, medical care and its benefits are
distributed on the basis of people's willingness and availability to pay. They must
purchase these valued goods and services using their own financial resources acquired
through their own legitimate efforts.
-emphasizes individual, rather than collective, responsibility for health; proposes private
rather than gov't solutions to social problems of health
✔✔social justice - ✔✔is at odds with the principles of capitalism and market justice;
according to this principle, the equitable distribution of health care is a societal
responsibility. This goal can best be achieved by letting a central agency--generally the
government--take over the production and distribution functions. Regards healthcare as
a social good that should be collectively financed and available to all citizens regardless
of ability to pay.
Limitations of this reasoning are recognized, so the government must find ways of
limiting the availability of certain health care services, known as planned rationing or
supply-side rationing.
✔✔healthy peoples initiative - ✔✔a series of 10 year plans outlining certain key national
health objectives to be accomplished during each of the 10- year time frames.
has established benchmarks and monitored progress over time in order to 1) encourage
collaborations across communities and sectors 2) empower individuals toward making
informed health decisions 3) measure the impact of prevention activities
✔✔public health - ✔✔focuses on improving the health and well being of the total
population.
✔✔determinants of public health - ✔✔social: acknowledges the effects of
demographics, socioeconomic status, personal behavior, and community level
inequalities and their defining influence on health. Personal demographics directly
contribute to vulnerability levels. Social and income inequalities have also been shown
to contribute to disparities in health.
medical: includes a broad spectrum of medical care services and interventions to
improve health.
✔✔policy interventions - ✔✔ways in which public policy directly guards the welfare of
the nation. Examples include the Occupation Safety and Health Act (OSHA) which aims
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔acute condition - ✔✔relatively severe, episodic (of short duration), and often
treatable. It is subject to recovery and treatment is generally provided in a hospital.
ex: heart attack
✔✔subacute condition - ✔✔lies between the acute and chronic extremes but has some
acute features. Can be postacute, requiring further treatment after a brief stay in the
hospital.
ex: ventilator and head trauma care
✔✔chronic condition - ✔✔less severe but of long and continuous duration. Patient may
not fully recover from such a condition, but the disease may be kept under control
through appropriate medical treatment. However, if left untreated it may lead to severe
and life-threatening health problems.
ex; asthma, diabetes, hypertension
✔✔quality of life - ✔✔used in a denotative sense to capture the essence of overall
satisfaction with life during and after a person's encounter with the health care delivery
system.
first, it is an indicator of how satisfied a person was with his experiences while receiving
health care services; includes specific life domains such as privacy, security, comfort,
etc
second, it can refer to a person's overall satisfaction with life and with self perceptions of
health, particularly after some medical intervention
✔✔determinants of health - ✔✔-environment
-behavior and lifestyle
-hereditary
-medical care
✔✔environmental factors - ✔✔encompass the physical, social, sociopolitical, and
sociocultural dimensions of life
✔✔behavioral factors - ✔✔include diet, exercise, stress-level, engagement in risky of
unhealthy behaviors, and other individual choices that may contribute to significant
health problems
, ✔✔heredity - ✔✔a key determinant of health because genetic factors predispose
individuals to certain diseases
✔✔market justice - ✔✔proposes that market forces in a free economy can best achieve
a fair distribution of health care. Within such a system, medical care and its benefits are
distributed on the basis of people's willingness and availability to pay. They must
purchase these valued goods and services using their own financial resources acquired
through their own legitimate efforts.
-emphasizes individual, rather than collective, responsibility for health; proposes private
rather than gov't solutions to social problems of health
✔✔social justice - ✔✔is at odds with the principles of capitalism and market justice;
according to this principle, the equitable distribution of health care is a societal
responsibility. This goal can best be achieved by letting a central agency--generally the
government--take over the production and distribution functions. Regards healthcare as
a social good that should be collectively financed and available to all citizens regardless
of ability to pay.
Limitations of this reasoning are recognized, so the government must find ways of
limiting the availability of certain health care services, known as planned rationing or
supply-side rationing.
✔✔healthy peoples initiative - ✔✔a series of 10 year plans outlining certain key national
health objectives to be accomplished during each of the 10- year time frames.
has established benchmarks and monitored progress over time in order to 1) encourage
collaborations across communities and sectors 2) empower individuals toward making
informed health decisions 3) measure the impact of prevention activities
✔✔public health - ✔✔focuses on improving the health and well being of the total
population.
✔✔determinants of public health - ✔✔social: acknowledges the effects of
demographics, socioeconomic status, personal behavior, and community level
inequalities and their defining influence on health. Personal demographics directly
contribute to vulnerability levels. Social and income inequalities have also been shown
to contribute to disparities in health.
medical: includes a broad spectrum of medical care services and interventions to
improve health.
✔✔policy interventions - ✔✔ways in which public policy directly guards the welfare of
the nation. Examples include the Occupation Safety and Health Act (OSHA) which aims
