HCA 202 EXAMS SCRIPT 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔characteristics of the US health care system - ✔✔-no central or governing agency
and little integration or coordination
-technology driven delivery system focusing on acute care
-high in cost, unequal in access, and average in outcome
-delivery of health care under imperfect market conditions
-government as subsidiary to the private sector
-fusion of market injustice and social justice
-multiple players and balance of power
-quest for integration and accountability
-access to health care services selectively based on insurance coverage
-legal risks influence practice behaviors
✔✔system - ✔✔consists of a set of interrelated and interdependent components
designed to achieve some common goals. The components are strategically
coordinated.
✔✔system resources - ✔✔both human and nonhuman resources are essential for the
delivery of health care services.
✔✔human resources - ✔✔consist of the various types and categories of workers
directly engaged in the delivery of health care to patients. Includes physicians, nurses,
dentists, pharmacists, and additional professionals that usually have direct contact with
patients.
Ancillary workers, those involved in billing and collection, marketing, PR, and building
maintenance, often play indirect supportive roles in the delivery of health care.
✔✔system processes - ✔✔carried out mainly through the health care delivery
infrastructure consisting of hospitals, clinics, long term care providers, etc.
outpatient care-- HC services delivered in non-institutional settings
institutional health services-- predominantly associated with acute care hospitals
✔✔system outcomes - ✔✔refers to the critical issues and concerns surrounding what
the health services system is able to accomplish in terms of its primary objective
✔✔primary objective of health care - ✔✔to provide cost-effective health services that
meet certain established standards of quality to an entire nation
access, cost, and quality are the main outcome criteria for evaluating efficacy of a
health care delivery system
, ✔✔health - ✔✔under the medical model, it is defined as the absence of illness or
disease which emphasises clinical diagnosis and medical intervention to treat disease
or its symptoms.
further defined as the state of optimal capacity of an individual to perform his or her
expected social roles and tasks.
✔✔holistic medicine - ✔✔seeks to treat the individual as a whole person; incorporates
the spiritual dimension as a fourth element in addition to physical, mental, and social
aspects need for optimal health
✔✔indicators of health - ✔✔-self-reported health status
-life expectancy
-morbidity (disease)
-mental well-being
-social functioning
-functional limitations
-disability
-spiritual well being
✔✔illness - ✔✔recognized by means of a person's own perceptions and evaluation of
how he or she feels.
ex) an individual may feel weakness, discomfort, depression, or anxiety
✔✔disease - ✔✔its presence is based on a medical professional's evaluation rather
than the patient's assessment
✔✔acute condition - ✔✔relatively severe, episodic (of short duration), and often
treatable. It is subject to recovery and treatment is generally provided in a hospital.
ex: heart attack
✔✔subacute condition - ✔✔lies between the acute and chronic extremes but has some
acute features. Can be postacute, requiring further treatment after a brief stay in the
hospital.
ex: ventilator and head trauma care
✔✔chronic condition - ✔✔less severe but of long and continuous duration. Patient may
not fully recover from such a condition, but the disease may be kept under control
through appropriate medical treatment. However, if left untreated it may lead to severe
and life-threatening health problems.
ex; asthma, diabetes, hypertension
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔characteristics of the US health care system - ✔✔-no central or governing agency
and little integration or coordination
-technology driven delivery system focusing on acute care
-high in cost, unequal in access, and average in outcome
-delivery of health care under imperfect market conditions
-government as subsidiary to the private sector
-fusion of market injustice and social justice
-multiple players and balance of power
-quest for integration and accountability
-access to health care services selectively based on insurance coverage
-legal risks influence practice behaviors
✔✔system - ✔✔consists of a set of interrelated and interdependent components
designed to achieve some common goals. The components are strategically
coordinated.
✔✔system resources - ✔✔both human and nonhuman resources are essential for the
delivery of health care services.
✔✔human resources - ✔✔consist of the various types and categories of workers
directly engaged in the delivery of health care to patients. Includes physicians, nurses,
dentists, pharmacists, and additional professionals that usually have direct contact with
patients.
Ancillary workers, those involved in billing and collection, marketing, PR, and building
maintenance, often play indirect supportive roles in the delivery of health care.
✔✔system processes - ✔✔carried out mainly through the health care delivery
infrastructure consisting of hospitals, clinics, long term care providers, etc.
outpatient care-- HC services delivered in non-institutional settings
institutional health services-- predominantly associated with acute care hospitals
✔✔system outcomes - ✔✔refers to the critical issues and concerns surrounding what
the health services system is able to accomplish in terms of its primary objective
✔✔primary objective of health care - ✔✔to provide cost-effective health services that
meet certain established standards of quality to an entire nation
access, cost, and quality are the main outcome criteria for evaluating efficacy of a
health care delivery system
, ✔✔health - ✔✔under the medical model, it is defined as the absence of illness or
disease which emphasises clinical diagnosis and medical intervention to treat disease
or its symptoms.
further defined as the state of optimal capacity of an individual to perform his or her
expected social roles and tasks.
✔✔holistic medicine - ✔✔seeks to treat the individual as a whole person; incorporates
the spiritual dimension as a fourth element in addition to physical, mental, and social
aspects need for optimal health
✔✔indicators of health - ✔✔-self-reported health status
-life expectancy
-morbidity (disease)
-mental well-being
-social functioning
-functional limitations
-disability
-spiritual well being
✔✔illness - ✔✔recognized by means of a person's own perceptions and evaluation of
how he or she feels.
ex) an individual may feel weakness, discomfort, depression, or anxiety
✔✔disease - ✔✔its presence is based on a medical professional's evaluation rather
than the patient's assessment
✔✔acute condition - ✔✔relatively severe, episodic (of short duration), and often
treatable. It is subject to recovery and treatment is generally provided in a hospital.
ex: heart attack
✔✔subacute condition - ✔✔lies between the acute and chronic extremes but has some
acute features. Can be postacute, requiring further treatment after a brief stay in the
hospital.
ex: ventilator and head trauma care
✔✔chronic condition - ✔✔less severe but of long and continuous duration. Patient may
not fully recover from such a condition, but the disease may be kept under control
through appropriate medical treatment. However, if left untreated it may lead to severe
and life-threatening health problems.
ex; asthma, diabetes, hypertension
