1
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GMS 6552 Exam 2 Questions and Answers
(100% Correct Answers) Already Graded
A+
Oncogene [ANS:] A gene that causes or contributes to the
development of cancer
Hallmarks of Cancer [ANS:] Sustaining proliferative signaling
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Evading growth suppressors
Activating invasion and metastasis
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Enabling replicative immortality
Inducing angiogenesis
Resisting cell death
In vivo oncogenic evidence [ANS:] Cause cancer when activated
in a transgenic animal
Render nontumorigenic cells tumorigenic
Knock down or knock out in tumorigenic cells renders the cells
nontumorigenic
Activation/overexpression of the oncogene is strongly correlated
with human cancer
In vitro oncogenic evidence [ANS:] Causes anchorage-
independent growth in soft agar (protection from anoikis)
, 2
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Causes focus formation (loss of contact inhibition)
Renders cell growth factor independent
Oncogenes in Cancer [ANS:] Aberrant expression of proto-
oncogenes that increases cell proliferation/survival
First identified in cancer-causing viruses
Typically a dominant mechanism
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Oncogene activation is usually limited to somatic tissue, but more
cases of inherited oncogene mutations are being found
Biochemical functions of oncogenes [ANS:] G-proteins (Ras)
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Protein Kinases (Raf, Akt)
Lipid Kinases (PI3-Kinase)
Transcription Factors (Myc)
Binding and inactivating apoptotic proteins (BCL2)
Protein Kinase regulatory subunits (Cyclins A, E, D)
Transcriptional coactivators (B-Catenin, YAP, TAZ)
Five Ways to Activate Oncogenes [ANS:] 1. Mutation of gene to
make it overactive
2. Amplification of a normal gene
3. Chromosomal Rearrangement
, 3
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4. Promoter/enhancer insertion
5. Hypomethylation of oncogene
Amplification [ANS:] Multiple gene copies = too much transcript
and protein
DNA sequencing, DNA-PCR
RNA sequencing, RNA-PCR
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Protein: Western
Chromosomal Rearrangement [ANS:] Affects regulatory region of
oncogene
Guru01 - Stuvia
Cytogenetics
PCR using primers
Promoter/Enhancer Insertion [ANS:] From retroviral integration near
oncogene
Gene expression activated from the viral promoter
Should activate oncogenes or disrupt tumor suppressors
Can find new genes
Hypomethylation of Oncogenes [ANS:] Ex. N-ras is activated in
liver cancer due to under-methylated promoter, allowing gene
expression
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
GMS 6552 Exam 2 Questions and Answers
(100% Correct Answers) Already Graded
A+
Oncogene [ANS:] A gene that causes or contributes to the
development of cancer
Hallmarks of Cancer [ANS:] Sustaining proliferative signaling
© 2025 Assignment Expert
Evading growth suppressors
Activating invasion and metastasis
Guru01 - Stuvia
Enabling replicative immortality
Inducing angiogenesis
Resisting cell death
In vivo oncogenic evidence [ANS:] Cause cancer when activated
in a transgenic animal
Render nontumorigenic cells tumorigenic
Knock down or knock out in tumorigenic cells renders the cells
nontumorigenic
Activation/overexpression of the oncogene is strongly correlated
with human cancer
In vitro oncogenic evidence [ANS:] Causes anchorage-
independent growth in soft agar (protection from anoikis)
, 2
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
Causes focus formation (loss of contact inhibition)
Renders cell growth factor independent
Oncogenes in Cancer [ANS:] Aberrant expression of proto-
oncogenes that increases cell proliferation/survival
First identified in cancer-causing viruses
Typically a dominant mechanism
© 2025 Assignment Expert
Oncogene activation is usually limited to somatic tissue, but more
cases of inherited oncogene mutations are being found
Biochemical functions of oncogenes [ANS:] G-proteins (Ras)
Guru01 - Stuvia
Protein Kinases (Raf, Akt)
Lipid Kinases (PI3-Kinase)
Transcription Factors (Myc)
Binding and inactivating apoptotic proteins (BCL2)
Protein Kinase regulatory subunits (Cyclins A, E, D)
Transcriptional coactivators (B-Catenin, YAP, TAZ)
Five Ways to Activate Oncogenes [ANS:] 1. Mutation of gene to
make it overactive
2. Amplification of a normal gene
3. Chromosomal Rearrangement
, 3
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
4. Promoter/enhancer insertion
5. Hypomethylation of oncogene
Amplification [ANS:] Multiple gene copies = too much transcript
and protein
DNA sequencing, DNA-PCR
RNA sequencing, RNA-PCR
© 2025 Assignment Expert
Protein: Western
Chromosomal Rearrangement [ANS:] Affects regulatory region of
oncogene
Guru01 - Stuvia
Cytogenetics
PCR using primers
Promoter/Enhancer Insertion [ANS:] From retroviral integration near
oncogene
Gene expression activated from the viral promoter
Should activate oncogenes or disrupt tumor suppressors
Can find new genes
Hypomethylation of Oncogenes [ANS:] Ex. N-ras is activated in
liver cancer due to under-methylated promoter, allowing gene
expression
